عَنْ مَعْمَرٍ ، عَنِ الزُّهْرِيِّ ، قَالَ : ثُمَّ إِنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ بَعْدَمَا هَاجَرَ وَجَاءَ الَّذِينَ كَانُوا بِأَرْضِ الْحَبَشَةِ ، بَعَثَ بَعْثَيْنِ قِبَلَ الشَّامِ إِلَى كَلْبٍ ، وَبِلْقَيْنِ ، وَغَسَّانَ ، وَكُفَّارِ الْعَرَبِ الَّذِينَ فِي مَشَارِفِ الشَّامِ ،فَأَمَّرَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ عَلَى أَحَدِ الْبَعْثَيْنِ أَبَا عُبَيْدَةَ بْنُ الْجَرَّاحِ وَهُوَ أَحَدُ بَنِي فِهْرٍ ، وَأَمَّرَ عَلَى الْبَعْثِ الآخَرِ عَمْرَو بْنَ الْعَاصِ ، فَانْتَدَبَ فِي بَعَثِ أَبِي عُبَيْدَةَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ وَعُمَرُ ، فَلَمَّا كَانَ عِنْدَ خُرُوجِ الْبَعْثَيْنِ دَعَا رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ أَبَا عُبَيْدَةَ بْنَ الْجَرَّاحِ وَعَمْرَو بْنَ الْعَاصِ ، فَقَالَ لَهُمَا : لا تَعَاصَيَا ، فَلَمَّا فَصَلا عَنِ الْمَدِينَةِ جَاءَ أَبُو عُبَيْدَةَ ، فَقَالَ لِعَمْرِو بْنِ الْعَاصِ : إِنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ عَهِدَ إِلَيْنَا أَنْ لا نَتَعَاصَيَا ، فَإِمَّا أَنْ تُطِيعَنِي وَإِمَّا أَنْ أُطِيعَكَ ، فَقَالَ عَمْرُو بْنُ الْعَاصِ : بَلْ أَطِعْنِي ، فَأَطَاعَهُ أَبُو عُبَيْدَةَ ، فَكَانَ عَمْرُو أَمِيرَ الْبَعْثَيْنِ كِلَيْهِمَا ، فَوَجَدَ مِنْ ذَلِكَ عُمَرُ بْنُ الْخَطَّابِ وَجْدًا شَدِيدًا ، فَكَلَّمَ أَبَا عُبَيْدَةَ ، فَقَالَ : أَتُطِيعُ ابْنَ النَّابِغَةِ ، وَتُؤَمِّرُهُ عَلَى نَفْسِكَ وَعَلَى أَبِي بَكْرٍ وَعَلَيْنَا ؟ ! مَا هَذَا الرَّأْيَ ؟ فَقَالَ أَبُو عُبَيْدَةَ لِعُمَرَ بْنِ الْخَطَّابِ : ابْنَ أُمِّ ، إِنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ عَهِدَ إِلَيَّ وَإِلَيْهِ أَنْ لا نَتَعَاصَيَا ، فَخَشِيتُ إِنْ لَمْ أُطِعْهُ ، أَنْ أَعْصِيَ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ ، وَشُكِيَ إِلَيْهِ ذَلِكَ ، فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ : مَا أَنَا بِمُؤْثِرٍ بِهَا عَلَيْكُمْ إِلا بَعْدَكُمْ ، يُرِيدُ الْمُهَاجِرِينَ وَكَانَتْ تِلْكَ الْغَزْوَةُ تُسَمَّى ذَاتَ السَّلاسِلِ ، أُسِرَ فِيهَا نَاسٌ كَثِيرَةٌ مِنَ الْعَرَبِ وَسُبُوا ، ثُمَّ أَمَّرَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ أُسَامَةَ بْنَ زَيْدٍ وَهُوَ غُلامٌ شَابٌّ ، فَانْتَدَبَ فِي بَعْثَهِ عُمَرُ بْنُ الْخَطَّابِ وَالزُّبَيْرُ بْنُ الْعَوَّامِ ، فَتُوُفِّيَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ ، قَبْلَ أَنْ يَصِلَ ذَلِكَ الْبَعْثُ ، فَأَنْفَذَهُ أَبُو بَكْرٍ الصِّدِّيقُ بَعْدَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ ، ثُمَّ بَعَثَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ حِينَ وَلِيَ الأَمْرَ بَعْدَ وَفَاةِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ ، ثَلاثَةَ أُمَرَاءَ إِلَى الشَّامِ ، وَأَمَّرَ خَالِدَ بْنَ سَعِيدٍ عَلَى جُنْدٍ ، وَأَمَّرَ عَمْرَو بْنَ الْعَاصِ عَلَى جُنْدٍ ، وَأَمَّرَ شُرَحْبِيلَ بْنَ حَسَنَةَ عَلَى جُنْدٍ ، وَبَعَثَ خَالِدَ بْنَ الْوَلِيدِ عَلَى جُنْدٍ قِبَلَ الْعِرَاقِ ، ثُمَّ إِنَّ عُمَرَ كَلَّمَ أَبَا بَكْرٍ ، فَلَمْ يَزَلْ يُكَلِّمُهُ حَتَّى أَمَّرَ يَزِيدَ بْنَ أَبِي سُفْيَانَ عَلَى خَالِدِ بْنِ سَعِيدٍ وَجُنْدِهِ ، وَذَلِكَ مِنْ مَوْجِدَةٍ وَجَدَهَا عُمَرُ بْنُ الْخَطَّابِ عَلَى خَالِدِ بْنِ سَعِيدٍ ، حِينَ قَدِمَ مِنَ الْيَمَنِ بَعْدَ وَفَاةِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ ، فَلَقِيَ عَلِيَّ بْنَ أَبِي طَالِبٍ خَالِدُ بْنُ سَعِيدٍ ، فَقَالَ : أَغُلِبْتُمْ يَا بَنِي عَبْدِ مَنَافٍ عَلَى أَمْرِكُمْ ؟ فَلَمْ يَحْمِلْهَا عَلَيْهِ أَبُو بَكْرٍ وَحَمَلَهَا عَلَيْهِ عُمَرُ ، فَقَالَ عُمَرُ : فَإِنَّكَ لَتَتْرُكُ إِمْرَتَهُ عَلَى الثَّعَالِبِ ، فَلَمَّا اسْتَعْمَلَهُ أَبُو بَكْرٍ ذَكَرَ ذَلِكَ ، فَكَلَّمَ أَبَا بَكْرٍ فَاسْتَعْمَلَ مَكَانَهُ يَزِيدَ بْنَ أَبِي سُفْيَانَ ، فَأَدْرَكَهُ يَزِيدُ أَمِيرًا بَعْدَ أَنْ وَصَلَ الشَّامَ بِذِي الْمَرْوَةِ ، وَكَتَبَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ إِلَى خَالِدِ بْنِ الْوَلِيدِ ، فَأَمَرَهُ بِالْمَسِيرِ إِلَى الشَّامِ بِجُنْدِهِ ، فَفَعَلَ ، فَكَانَتِ الشَّامُ عَلَى أَرْبَعَةِ أُمَرَاءَ حَتَّى تُوُفِّيَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ ، فَلَمَّا اسْتُخْلِفَ عُمَرُ نَزَعَ خَالِدَ بْنَ الْوَلِيدِ ، وَأَمَّرَ مَكَانَهُ أَبَا عُبَيْدَةَ بْنَ الْجَرَّاحِ ، ثُمَّ قَدِمَ عُمَرُ الْجَابِيَةَ فَنَزَعَ شُرَحْبِيلَ بْنَ حَسَنَةَ ، وَأَمَرَ جُنْدَهُ أَنْ يَتَفَرَّقُوا فِي الأُمَرَاءِ الثَّلاثَةِ ، فَقَالَ شُرَحْبِيلُ بْنُ حَسَنَةَ : يَا أَمِيرَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ ، أَعَجَزْتُ أَمْ خُنْتُ ؟ قَالَ : لَمْ تَعْجَزْ وَلَمْ تَخُنْ ، قَالَ : فَفِيمَ عَزَلْتَنِي ؟ قَالَ : تَحَرَّجْتُ أَنْ أُؤَمِّرَكَ وَأَنَا أَجِدُ أَقْوَى مِنْكَ ، قَالَ : فَاعْذُرْنِي يَا أَمِيرَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ ، قَالَ : سَأَفْعَلُ ، وَلَوْ عَلِمْتُ غَيْرَ ذَلِكَ لَمْ أَفْعَلْ ، قَالَ : فَقَامَ عُمَرُ فَعَذَرَهُ ، ثُمَّ أَمَرَ عَمْرَو بْنَ الْعَاصِ بِالْمَسِيرِ إِلَى مِصْرَ ، وَبَقِيَ الشَّامُ عَلَى أَمِيرَيْنِ : أَبِي عُبَيْدَةَ بْنِ الْجَرَّاحِ ، وَيَزِيدَ بْنِ أَبِي سُفْيَانَ ، ثُمَّ تُوُفِّيَ أَبُو عُبَيْدَةَ ، فَاسْتَخْلَفَ خَالِدًا وَابْنَ عَمِّهِ عِيَاضَ بْنَ غَنْمٍ ، فَأَقَرَّهُ عُمَرُ ، فَقِيلَ لِعُمَرَ : كَيْفَ تُقِرُّ عِيَاضَ بْنَ غَنْمٍ وَهُوَ رَجُلٌ جَوَادٌ لا يَمْنَعُ شَيْئًا يُسْأَلُهُ ؟ وَقَدْ نَزَعْتَ خَالِدَ بْنَ الْوَلِيدِ فِي أَنْ كَانَ يُعْطِي دُونَكَ ؟ ، فَقَالَ عُمَرُ : إِنَّ هَذِهِ شِيمَةُ عِيَاضٍ فِي مَالِهِ حَتَّى يَخْلُصَ إِلَى مَالِهِ ، وَإِنِّي مَعَ ذَلِكَ لَمْ أَكُنْ لأُغَيِّرَ أَمْرًا قَضَاهُ أَبُو عُبَيْدَةَ بْنُ الْجَرَّاحِ ، قَالَ : ثُمَّ تُوُفِّيَ يَزِيدُ بْنُ أَبِي سُفْيَانَ فَأَمَّرَ مَكَانَهُ مُعَاوِيَةَ ، فَنَعَاهُ عُمَرُ إِلَى أَبِي سُفْيَانَ ، فَقَالَ : احْتَسِبْ يَزِيدَ يَا أَبَا سُفْيَانَ ، قَالَ : يَرْحَمُهُ اللَّهُ ، فَمَنْ أَمَّرْتَ مَكَانَهُ ؟ قَالَ مُعَاوِيَةُ ، قَالَ : وَصَلَتْكَ رَحِمٌ ، قَالَ : ثُمَّ تُوُفِّيَ عِيَاضُ بْنُ غَنْمٍ ، فَأَمَّرَ مَكَانَهُ عُمَيْرَ بْنَ سَعْدٍ الأَنْصَارِيَّ ، فَكَانَتِ الشَّامُ عَلَى مُعَاوِيَةَ وَعُمَيْرٍ ، حَتَّى قُتِلَ عُمَيرٌ ، فَاسْتُخْلِفَ عُثْمَانُ بْنُ عَفَّانٍ ، فَعَزَلَ عُمَيْرًا ، وَتَرَكَ الشَّامَ لِمُعَاوِيَةَ ، وَنَزَعَ الْمُغِيرَةَ بْنَ شُعْبَةَ عَنِ الْكُوفَةِ ، وَأَمَّرَ مَكَانَهُ سَعْدَ بْنَ أَبِي وَقَّاصٍ ، وَنَزَعَ عَمْرَو بْنَ الْعَاصِ عَنْ مِصْرَ ، وَأَمَّرَ مَكَانَهُ عَبْدَ اللَّهِ بْنَ سَعْدِ بْنِ أَبِي سَرْحٍ ، وَنَزَعَ أَبَا مُوسَى الأَشْعَرِيَّ ، وَأَمَّرَ مَكَانَهُ عَبْدَ اللَّهِ بْنَ عَامِرِ بْنِ كُرَيْزٍ ، ثُمَّ نَزَعَ سَعْدَ بْنَ أَبِي وَقَّاصٍ مِنَ الْكُوفَةِ ، وَأَمَّرَ الْوَلِيدَ بْنَ عُقْبَةَ ، ثُمَّ شَهِدَ عَلَى الْوَلِيدِ فَجَلَدَهُ وَنَزَعَهُ ، وَأَمَّرَ سَعِيدَ بْنَ الْعَاصِ مَكَانَهُ ، ثُمَّ ، قَالَ النَّاسُ ، وَنَشِبُوا فِي الْفِتْنَةِ ، فَحَجَّ سَعِيدُ بْنُ الْعَاصِ ، ثُمَّ قَفَلَ مِنْ حَجِّهِ فَلَقِيَهُ خَيْلُ الْعِرَاقِ ، فَرَجَعُوهُ مِنَ الْعُذَيْبِ ، وَأَخْرَجَ أَهْلُ مِصْرَ عَبْدَ اللَّهِ بْنَ سَعْدِ بْنِ أَبِي سَرْحٍ ، وَأَقَرَّ أَهْلُ الْبَصْرَةِ عَبْدَ اللَّهِ بْنَ عَامِرِ بْنِ كُرَيْزٍ ، فَكَانَ كذَلِكَ أَوَّلَ الْفِتْنَةِ ، حَتَّى إِذَا قُتِلَ عُثْمَانُ رَحِمَهُ اللَّهُ ، بَايَعَ النَّاسُ عَلِيَّ بْنَ أَبِي طَالِبٍ ، فَأَرْسَلَ إِلَى طَلْحَةَ وَالزُّبَيْرِ : إِنْ شِئْتُمَا فَبَايِعَانِي ، وَإِنْ شِئْتُمَا بَايَعْتُ أَحَدَكُمَا ، قَالا : بَلْ نُبَايِعُكَ ، ثُمَّ هَرَبَا إِلَى مَكَّةَ ، وَبِمَكَّةَ عَائِشَةُ زَوْجُ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ بِمَا يَتَكَلَّمَانِ بِهِ ، فَأَعَانَتْهُمَا عَلَى رَأْيِهِمَا ، فَأَطَاعَهُمْ نَاسٌ كَثِيرٌ مِنْ قُرَيْشٍ ، فَخَرَجُوا قِبَلَ الْبَصْرَةِ يَطْلُبُونَ بِدَمِ ابْنِ عَفَّانَ ، وَخَرَجَ مَعَهُمْ عَبْدُ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنُ أَبِي بَكْرٍ ، وَخَرَجَ مَعَهُمْ عَبْدُ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنُ عَتَّابِ بْنِ أُسَيْدٍ ، وَعَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ الْحَارِثِ بْنِ هِشَامٍ ، وَعَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ الزُّبَيْرِ ، وَمَرْوَانُ بْنُ الْحَكَمِ ، فِي أُنَاسٍ مِنْ قُرَيْشٍ كَلَّمُوا أَهْلَ الْبَصْرَةِ ، وَحَدَّثُوهَمْ أَنَّ عُثْمَانَ قُتِلَ مَظْلُومًا ، وَأَنَّهُمْ جَاءُوا تَائِبِينَ مِمَّا كَانُوا غَلَوْا بِهِ فِي أَمَرِ عُثْمَانَ ، فَأَطَاعَهُمْ عَامَّةُ أَهْلِ الْبَصْرَةِ ، وَاعْتَزَلَ الأَحْنَفُ مِنْ تَمِيمٍ ، وَخَرَجَ عَبْدُ الْقَيْسِ إِلَى عَلِيِّ بْنِ أَبِي طَالِبٍ بِعَامَّةِ مَنْ أَطَاعَهُ ، وَرَكِبَتْ عَائِشَةُ جَمَلا لَهَا يُقَالُ لَهُ عَسْكَرُ ، وَهِيَ فِي هَوْدَجٍ قَدْ أَلْبَسَتْهُ الدُّفُوفَ يَعْنِي جُلُودَ الْبَقَرِ ، فَقَالَتْ : إِنَّمَا أُرِيدُ أَنْ يَحْجِزَ بَيْنَ النَّاسِ مَكَانِي ، قَالَتْ : وَلَمْ أَحْسِبْ أَنْ يَكُونَ بَيْنَ النَّاسِ قِتَالٌ ، وَلَوْ عَلِمْتُ ذَلِكَ لَمْ أَقِفْ ذَلِكَ الْمَوْقِفَ أَبَدًا ، قَالَتْ : فَلَمْ يَسْمَعِ النَّاسُ كَلامِي ، وَلَمْ يَلْتَفِتُوا إِلَيَّ ، وَكَانَ الْقِتَالُ ، فَقُتِلَ يَوْمَئِذٍ سَبْعُونَ مِنْ قُرَيْشٍ ، كُلُّهُمْ يَأْخُذُ بِخِطَامِ جَمَلِ عَائِشَةَ حَتَّى لا يُقْتَلَ ، ثُمَّ حَمَلُوا الْهَوْدَجَ حَتَّى أَدْخَلُوهُ مَنْزِلا مِنْ تِلْكَ الْمَنَازِلِ ، وَجُرِحَ مَرْوَانُ جِرَاحًا شَدِيدَةً ، وَقُتِلَ طَلْحَةُ بْنُ عُبَيْدِ اللَّهِ يَوْمَئِذٍ ، وَقُتِلَ الزُّبَيْرُ بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ بِوَادِي السِّبَاعِ ، وَقَفَلَتْ عَائِشَةُ وَمَرْوَانُ بِمَنْ بَقِيَ مِنْ قُرَيْشٍ ، فَقَدِمُوا الْمَدِينَةَ ، وَانْطَلَقَتْ عَائِشَةُ فَقَدِمَتْ مَكَّةَ ، فَكَانَ مَرْوَانُ وَالأَسْوَدُ بْنُ أَبِي الْبَخْتَرِيِّ عَلَى الْمَدِينَةِ وَأَهْلِهَا ، يَغْلِبَانِ عَلَيْهَا ، وَهَاجَتِ الْحَرْبُ بَيْنَ عَلِيٍّ وَمُعَاوِيَةَ ، فَكَانَتْ بُعُوثُهُمَا تَقْدُمُ الْمِدَينَةَ ، وَتَقْدُمُ مَكَّةَ لِلْحَجِّ ، فَأَيُّهُمَا سَبَقَ فَهُوَ أَمِيرُ الْمَوْسِمِ أَيَّامَ الْحَجِّ لِلنَّاسِ ، ثُمَّ إِنَّهَا أَرْسَلَتْ أُمُّ حَبِيبَةَ زَوْجُ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ إِلَى أُمِّ سَلَمَةَ ، قَالَتْ إِحْدَاهُمَا لِلأُخْرَى : تَعَالَيْ نَكْتُبْ إِلَى مُعَاوِيَةَ وَعَلِيٍّ أَنْ يُعْتِقَا مِنْ هَذِهِ الْبُعُوثِ الَّتِي تَرُوعُ النَّاسَ ، حَتَّى تَجْتَمِعَ الأُمَّةُ عَلَى أَحَدِهِمَا ، فَقَالَتْ أُمُّ حَبِيبَةَ : كَفَيْتُكِ أَخِي مُعَاوِيَةَ ، ، وَقَالَتْ أُمُّ سَلَمَةَ : كَفَيْتُكِ عَلِيًّا ، فَكَتَبَتْ كُلُّ وَاحِدَةٍ مِنْهُمَا إِلَى صَاحِبِهَا ، وَبَعَثَتْ وَفْدًا مِنْ قُرَيْشٍ وَالأَنْصَارِ ، فَأَمَّا مُعَاوِيَةُ فَأَطَاعَ أُمَّ حَبِيبَةَ ، وَأَمَّا عَلِيٌّ فَهَمَّ أَنْ يُطِيعَ أُمَّ سَلَمَةَ ، فَنَهَاهُ الْحَسَنُ بْنُ عَلِيٍّ عَنْ ذَلِكَ ، فَلَمْ يَزَلْ بُعُوثُهُمَا وَعُمَّالُهُمَا يَخْتَلِفُونَ إِلَى الْمَدِينَةِ وَمَكَّةَ ، حَتَّى قُتِلَ عَلِيٌّ رَحِمَهُ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى ، ثُمَّ اجْتَمَعَ النَّاسُ عَلَى مُعَاوِيَةَ وَمَرْوَانُ وَابْنُ الْبَخْتَرِيِّ يَغْلِبَانِ عَلَى أَهْلِ الْمَدِينَةِ فِي تِلْكَ الْفِتْنَةِ ، وَكَانَتْ مِصْرُ فِي سُلْطَانِ عَلِيِّ بْنِ أَبِي طَالِبٍ ، فَأَمَّرَ عَلَيْهَا قَيْسَ بْنَ سَعْدِ بْنِ عُبَادَةَ الأَنْصَارِيَّ ، وَكَانَ حَامِلَ رَايَةِ الأَنْصَارِ مَعَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ يَوْمَ بَدْرٍ وَغَيْرِهِ سَعْدُ بْنُ عُبَادَةَ ، وَكَانَ قَيْسٌ مِنْ ذَوِي الرَّأْيِ مِنَ النَّاسِ ، إِلا مَا غَلَبَ عَلَيْهِ مِنْ أَمْرِ الْفِتْنَةِ ، فَكَانَ مُعَاوِيَةُ وَعَمْرُو بْنُ الْعَاصِ جَاهِدَيْنِ عَلَى إِخْرَاجِهِ مِنْ مِصْرَ ، وَيَغْلِبَانِ عَلَى مِصْرَ ، وَكَانَ قَدِ امْتَنَعَ مِنْهُمَا بِالدَّهَاءِ وَالْمَكِيدَةِ ، فَلَمْ يَقْدِرَا عَلَى أَنْ يَفْتَحَا مِصْرَ حَتَّى كَادَ مُعَاوِيَةُ قَيْسَ بْنَ سَعْدٍ مِنْ قِبَلِ عَلِيٍّ ، قَالَ : فَكَانَ مُعَاوِيَةُ يُحَدِّثُ رَجُلا مِنْ ذَوِي الرَّأْيِ مِنْ قُرَيْشٍ ، فَيَقُولُ : مَا ابْتَدَعْتُ مِنْ مَكِيدَةٍ قَطُّ أَعْذَبَ عِنْدِي مِنْ مَكِيدَةٍ كَايَدْتُ بِهَا قَيْسَ بْنَ سَعْدٍ مِنْ قِبَلِ عَلِيٍّ وَهُوَ بِالْعِرَاقِ حِينَ امْتَنَعَ مِنِّي قَيْسٌ ، فَقُلْتُ لأَهْلِ الشَّامِ : لا تَسُبُّوا قَيْسًا ، وَلا تَدْعُونِي إِلَى غَزْوَهِ ، فَإِنَّ قَيْسًا لَنَا شِيعَةٌ ، تَأْتِينَا كُتُبُهُ وَنَصِيحَتُهُ ، أَلا تَرَوْنَ مَا يَفْعَلُ بِإِخْوَانِكُمُ الَّذِينَ عِنْدَهُ مِنْ أَهْلِ خَرْبَتَا ، يُجْرِي عَلَيْهِمْ أُعْطِيَتِهِمْ وَأَرْزَاقَهُمْ ، وَيُؤَمِّنُ سِرْبَهُمْ ، وَيُحْسِنُ إِلَى كُلِّ رَاغِبٍ قَدِمَ عَلَيْهِ ، فَلا نَسْتَنْكِرُهُ فِي نَصِيحَتِهِ ، قَالَ مُعَاوِيَةُ : وَطَفِقْتُ أَكْتُبُ بِذَلِكَ إِلَى شِيعَتِي مِنْ أَهْلِ الْعِرَاقِ ، فَسَمِعَ بِذَلِكَ مِنْ جَوَاسِيسَ عَلِيٍّ الَّذِينَ هَدَى مِنْ أَهْلِ الْعِرَاقِ ، فَلَمَّا بَلَغَ ذَلِكَ عَلِيًّا ، وَنَمَاهُ إِلَيْهِ عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ جَعْفَرٍ ، وَمُحَمَّدُ بْنُ أَبِي بَكْرٍ الصِّدِّيقِ ، اتَّهَمَ قَيْسَ بْنَ سَعْدٍ وَكَتَبَ إِلَيْهِ بِأَمْرِهِ بِقِتَالِ أَهْلِ خَرْبَتَا وَأَهْلُ خَرْبَتَا يَوْمَئِذٍ عَشَرَةُ آلافٍ ، فَأَبَى قَيْسٌ أَنْ يُقَاتِلَهُمْ ، وَكَتَبَ إِلَى عَلِيٍّ أَنَّهُمْ وُجُوهُ أَهْلِ مِصْرَ وَأَشْرَافُهُمْ وَذَوُو الْحِفَاظِ مِنْهُمْ ، وَقَدْ رَضُوا مِنِّي بِأَنْ أُؤَمِّنَ سِرْبَهُمْ ، وَأُجْرِي عَلَيْهِمْ أُعْطِيَاتِهِمْ وَأَرْزَاقَهُمْ ، وَقَدْ عَلِمْتَ أَنَّ هَوَاهُمْ مَعَ مُعَاوِيَةَ ، فَلَسْتُ مُكَايِدَهُمْ بِأَمْرٍ أَهْوَنَ عَلِيَّ وَعَلَيْكَ مِنْ أَنْ نَفْعَلَ ذَلِكَ بِهِمُ الْيَوْمَ ، وَلَوْ دَعَوْتُهُمْ إِلَى قِتَالِي كَانُوا قَرَنَّاهُمْ أَسْوَدَانِ الْعَرَبِ وَفِيهِمْ بُسْرُ بْنُ أَرْطَاةَ ، وَمَسْلَمَةُ بْنُ مُخَلَّدٍ ، وَمُعَاوِيَةُ بْنُ خُدَيْجٍ الْخَوْلانِيُّ ، فَذَرْنِي وَرَأْيِي فِيهِمْ ، وَأَنَا أَعْلَمُ بِمَا أُدَارِي مِنْهُمْ ، فَأَبَى عَلَيْهِ عَلِيٌّ إِلا قِتَالَهُمْ ، فَأَبَى قَيْسٌ أَنْ يُقَاتِلَهُمْ ، وَكَتَبَ قَيْسٌ إِلَى عَلِيٍّ : إِنْ كُنْتَ تَتَّهِمُنِي فَاعْتَزِلْنِي عَنْ عَمَلِكَ ، وَأَرْسِلْ إِلَيْهِ غَيْرِي ، فَأَرْسَلَ الأَشْتَرَ أَمِيرًا عَلَى مِصْرَ ، حَتَّى إِذَا بَلَغَ الْقَلْزَمَ شَرِبَ بِالْقَلْزَمِ شَرْبَةً مِنْ عَسَلٍ ، فَكَانَ فِيهَا حَتْفُهُ ، فَبَلَغَ ذَلِكَ مُعَاوِيَةَ وَعَمْرَو بْنَ الْعَاصِ ، فَقَالَ عَمْرُو بْنُ الْعَاصِ : إِنَّ لِلَّهِ جُنُودًا مِنْ عَسَلٍ ، فَلَمَّا بَلَغَتْ عَلِيًّا وَفَاةُ الأَشْتَرِ ، بَعَثَ مُحَمَّدَ بْنَ أَبِي بَكْرٍ أَمِيرًا عَلَى مِصْرَ ، فَلَمَّا حُدِّثَ بِهِ قَيْسُ بْنُ سَعْدٍ قَادِمًا أَمِيرًا عَلَيْهِ ، تَلَقَّاهُ فَخَلا بِهِ ، وَنَاجَاهُ ، وَقَالَ : إِنَّكَ قَدْ جِئْتَ مِنْ عِنْدِ امْرِئٍ لا رَأْيَ لَهُ فِي الْحَرْبِ ، وَإِنَّهُ لَيْسَ عَزْلُكُمْ إِيَّايَ بِمَانِعِي أَنْ أَنْصَحَ لَكُمْ ، وَإِنِّي مِنْ أَمْرِكُمْ عَلَى بَصِيرَةٍ ، وَإِنِّي أَدُلُّكَ عَلَى الَّذِي كُنْتُ أُكَايِدُ بِهِ مُعَاوِيَةَ وَعَمْرَو بْنَ الْعَاصِ وَأَهْلَ خَرْبَتَا ، فَكَايِدْهُمْ بِهِ ، فَإِنَّكَ إِنْ كَايَدْتَهُمْ بِغَيْرِهِ تَهْلَكْ ، فَوَصَفَ لَهُ قَيْسٌ الْمُكَايَدَةَ الَّتِي كَايَدَهُمْ بِهَا ، فَاغْتَشَّهُ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ أَبِي بَكْرٍ ، وَخَالَفَهُ فِي كُلِّ شَيْءٍ أَمَرَهُ بِهِ ، فَلَمَّا قَدِمَ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ أَبِي بَكْرٍ مِصْرَ ، خَرَجَ قَيْسٌ قِبَلَ الْمَدِينَةِ ، فَأَخَافَهُ مَرْوَانُ وَالأَسْوَدُ بْنُ أَبِي الْبَخْتَرِيِّ ، حَتَّى إِذَا خَافَ أَنْ يُؤْخَذَ وَيُقْتَلَ ، رَكِبَ رَاحِلَتَهُ فَظَهَرَ إِلَى عَلِيٍّ ، فَكَتَبَ مُعَاوِيَةُ إِلَى مَرْوَانَ وَالأَسْوَدِ بْنِ أَبِي الْبَخْتَرِيِّ يَتَغَيَّظُ عَلَيْهِمَا ، وَيَقُولُ : أَمْدَدْتُمَا عَلِيًّا بِقَيْسِ بْنِ سَعْدٍ ، وَبِرَأْيِهِ وَمُكَايَدَتِهِ ، فَوَاللَّهِ لَوْ أَمْدَدْتُمَاهُ بِثَمَانِيَةِ آلافِ مُقَاتِلٍ مَا كَانَ ذَلِكَ بَأَغْيَظَ لِي مِنْ إِخْرَاجِكُمَا قَيْسَ بْنَ سَعْدٍ إِلَى عَلِيٍّ ، فَقَدِمَ قَيْسُ بْنُ سَعْدٍ إِلَى عَلِيٍّ ، فَلَمَّا بَانَهُ الْحَدِيثُ ، وَجَاءَهُمْ قَتَلُ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ أَبِي بَكْرٍ ، عَرَفَ عَلِيٌّ أَنَّ قَيْسَ بْنَ سَعْدٍ كَانَ يُدَارِي مِنْهُمْ أُمُورًا عِظَامًا مِنَ الْمُكَايَدَةِ الَّتِي قَصَّرَ عَنْهَا رَأْيُ عَلِيٍّ وَرَأْيُ مَنْ كَانَ يُؤَازِرُهُ عَلَى عَزَلِ قَيْسٍ ، فَأَطَاعَ عَلِيٌّ قَيْسًا فِي الأَمْرِ كُلِّهِ ، وَجَعَلَهُ عَلَى مُقَدِّمَةِ أَهْلِ الْعِرَاقِ وَمَنْ كَانَ بِأَذْرِبَيْجَانَ ، وَأَرْضِهَا ، وَعَلَى شُرْطَةِ الْخَمْسِينَ الَّذِينَ انْتَدَبُوا لِلْمَوْتِ ، وَبَايَعَ أَرْبَعُونَ أَلْفًا كَانُوا بَايَعُوا عَلِيًّا عَلَى الْمَوْتِ ، فَلَمْ يَزَلْ قَيْسُ بْنُ سَعْدٍ يَسُدُّ 00000 ذَلِكَ الثَّغْرَ حَتَّى قُتِلَ عَلِيٌّ ، وَاسْتَخْلَفَ أَهْلُ الْعِرَاقِ الْحَسَنَ بْنَ عَلِيٍّ عَلَى الْخِلافَةِ ، وَكَانَ الْحَسَنُ لا يُرِيدُ الْقِتَالَ ، وَلَكِنَّهُ كَانَ يُرِيدُ أَنْ يَأْخُذَ لِنَفْسِهِ مَا اسْتَطَاعَ مِنْ مُعَاوِيَةَ ، ثُمَّ يَدْخُلُ فِي الْجَمَاعَةِ وَيُبَايِعُ ، فَعَرَفَ الْحَسَنُ أَنَّ قَيْسَ بْنَ سَعْدٍ لا يُوَافِقُهُ عَلَى ذَلِكَ ، فَنَزَعَهُ ، وَأَمَّرَ مَكَانَهُ عُبَيْدَ اللَّهِ بْنَ الْعَبَّاسِ ، فَلَمَّا عَرَفَ عُبَيْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ الْعَبَّاسِ الَّذِي يُرِيدُ الْحَسَنُ أَنْ يَأْخُذَ لِنَفْسِهِ ، كَتَبَ عُبَيْدُ اللَّهِ إِلَى مُعَاوِيَةَ يَسْأَلُهُ الأَمَانَ ، وَيَشْتَرِطُ لِنَفْسِهِ عَلَى الأَمْوَالِ الَّتِي أَصَابَ ، فَشَرَطَ ذَلِكَ مُعَاوِيَةُ لَهُ وَبَعَثَ إِلَيْهِ ابْنَ عَامِرٍ فِي خَيْلٍ عَظِيمَةٍ ، فَخَرَجَ إِلَيْهِمْ عُبَيْدُ اللَّهِ لَيْلا ، حَتَّى لَحِقَ بِهِمْ ، وَتَرَكَ جُنْدَهُ الَّذِينَ هُوَ عَلَيْهِمْ لا أَمِيرَ لَهُمْ ، وَمَعَهُمْ قَيْسُ بْنُ سَعْدٍ ، فَأَمَّرَتْ شُرْطَةُ الْخَمْسِينَ قَيْسَ بْنَ سَعْدٍ ، وَتَعَاهَدُوا وَتَعَاقَدُوا عَلَى قِتَالِ مُعَاوِيَةَ وَعَمْرِو بْنِ الْعَاصِ ، حَتَّى يَشْتَرِطَ لِشِيعَةِ عَلِيٍّ وَلِمَنْ كَانَ اتَّبَعَهُ عَلَى أَمْوَالِهِمْ وَدِمَائِهِمْ وَمَا أَصَابُوا مِنَ الْفِتْنَةِ ، فَخَلَصَ مُعَاوِيَةُ حِينَ فَرَغَ مِنْ عُبَيْدِ اللَّهِ وَالْحَسَنِ ، إِلَى مُكَايَدَةِ رَجُلٍ هُوَ أَهَمُّ النَّاسِ عِنْدَهُ مَكِيدَةً ، وَعِنْدَهُ أَرْبَعُونَ أَلْفًا ، فَنَزَلَ بِهِمْ مُعَاوِيَةُ وَعَمْرٌو وَأَهْلُ الشَّامِ أَرْبَعِينَ لَيْلَةً ، وَيُرْسِلُ مُعَاوِيَةُ إِلَى قَيْسٍ ، وَيُذَكِّرُهُ اللَّهَ ، وَيَقُولُ : عَلَى طَاعَةِ مَنْ تُقَاتِلُنِي ؟ ، وَيَقُولُ : قَدْ بَايَعَنِي الَّذِي تُقَاتِلُ عَلَى طَاعَتِهِ ، فَأَبَى قَيْسٌ أَنْ يُقِرَّ لَهُ ، حَتَّى أَرْسَلَ مُعَاوِيَةُ بِسِجِلٍّ قَدْ خَتَمَ لَهُ فِي أَسْفَلِهِ ، فَقَالَ : اكْتُبْ فِي هَذَا السِّجِلِّ ، فَمَا كُتِبَتَ فَهُوَ لَكَ ، فَقَالَ عَمْرٌو لِمُعَاوِيَةَ : لا تُعْطِهِ هَذَا وَقَاتِلْهُ ، فَقَالَ مُعَاوِيَةُ وَكَانَ خَيْرَ الرَّجُلَيْنِ : عَلَى رِسْلِكَ يَا أَبَا عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ، فَإِنَّا لَنْ نَخْلُصَ إِلَى قَتَلِ هَؤُلاءِ حَتَّى يُقْتَلَ عَدَدُهُمْ مِنْ أَهْلِ الشَّامِ ، فَمَا خَيْرُ الْحَيَاةِ بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ ؟ وَإِنِّي وَاللَّهِ لا أُقَاتِلُهُ حَتَّى لا أَجِدَ مِنْ ذَلِكَ بُدًّا ، فَلَمَّا بَعَثَ إِلَيْهِ مُعَاوِيَةُ بِذَلِكَ السِّجِلَّ ، اشْتَرَطَ قَيْسُ بْنُ سَعْدٍ لِنَفْسِهِ ، وَلِشِيعَةِ عَلِيٍّ الأَمَانَ عَلَى مَا أَصَابُوا مِنَ الدِّمَاءِ وَالأَمْوَالِ ، وَلَمْ يَسْأَلْ مُعَاوِيَةَ فِي ذَلِكَ مَالا ، فَأَعْطَاهُ مُعَاوِيَةُ مَا اشْتَرَطَ عَلَيْهِ ، وَدَخَلَ قَيْسٌ وَمَنْ مَعَهُ فِي الْجَمَاعَةِ ، وَكَانَ يُعَدُّ فِي الْعَرَبِ حَتَّى ثَارَتِ الْفِتْنَةُ الأُولَى خَمْسَةٌ يُقَالُ لَهُمْ : ذَوُو رَأْيِ الْعَرَبِ وَمَكِيدَتُهُمْ ، يُعَدُّ مِنْ قُرَيْشٍ مُعَاوِيَةُ وَعَمْرٌو ، وَيُعَدُّ مِنَ الأَنْصَارِ قَيْسُ بْنُ سَعْدٍ ، وَيُعَدُّ مِنَ الْمُهَاجِرِينَ عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ بُدَيْلِ بْنِ وَرْقَاءَ الْخُزَاعِيُّ ، وَيُعَدُّ مِنْ ثَقِيفٍ الْمُغِيرَةُ بْنُ شُعْبَةَ ، فَكَانَ مَعَ عَلِيٍّ مِنْهُمْ رَجُلانِ : قَيْسُ بْنُ سَعْدٍ ، وَعَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ بُدَيْلٍ ، وَكَانَ الْمُغِيرَةُ مُعْتَزِلا بِالطَّائِفِ وَأَرْضِهَا ، فَلَمَّا حُكِّمَ الْحَكَمَانِ فَاجْتَمَعَا بِأَذْرُحَ ، وَافَاهُمَا الْمُغِيرَةُ بْنُ شُعْبَةَ ، وَأَرْسَلَ الْحَكَمَانِ إِلَى عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ عُمَرَ ، وَإِلَى عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ الزُّبَيْرِ ، وَوَافَى رِجَالا كَثِيرًا مِنْ قُرَيْشٍ وَوَافَى مُعَاوِيَةُ بِأَهْلِ الشَّامِ ، وَوَافَى أَبُو مُوسَى الأَشْعَرِيُّ وَعَمْرُو بْنُ الْعَاصِ وَهُمَا الْحَكَمَانِ ، وَأَبَى عَلِيٌّ وَأَهْلُ الْعِرَاقِ أَنْ يُوَافُوا ، فَقَالَ الْمُغِيرَةُ بْنُ شُعْبَةَ لِرِجَالٍ مِنْ ذَوِي رَأْيِ أَهْلِ قُرَيْشٍ : هَلْ تَرَوْنَ أَحَدًا يَقْدِرُ عَلَى أَنْ يَسْتَطِيعَ أَنْ يَعْلَمَ : أَيَجْتَمُعُ هَذَانِ الْحَكَمَانِ أَمْ لا ؟ فَقَالُوا لَهُ : لا نَرَى أَنَّ أَحَدًا يَعْلَمُ ذَلِكَ ، قَالَ : فَوَاللَّهِ إِنِّي لأَظُنُّنِي سَأَعْلَمُهُ مِنْهُمَا حِينَ أَخْلُو بِهِمَا فَأُرَاجِعُهُمَا ، فَدَخَلَ عَلَى عَمْرِو ابْنِ الْعَاصِ فَبَدَأَ بِهِ ، فَقَالَ : يَا أَبَا عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ، أَخْبَرَنِي عَمَّا أَسْأَلُكَ عَنْهُ : كَيْفَ تَرَانَا مَعْشَرَ الْمُعْتَزِلَةِ ؟ فَإِنَّا قَدْ شَكَكْنَا فِي هَذَا الأَمْرِ الَّذِي قَدْ تَبَيَّنَ لَكُمْ فِي هَذَا الْقِتَالِ ، وَرَأَيْنَا نَسْتَأْنِيَ وَنَتَثَبَّتُ حَتَّى تَجْتَمِعَ الأُمَّةُ عَلَى رَجُلٍ ، فَنَدْخُلَ فِي صَالِحِ مَا دَخَلَتْ فِيهِ الأُمَّةُ ؟ ، فَقَالَ عَمْرٌو : أَرَاكُمْ مَعْشَرَ الْمُعْتَزِلَةِ خَلْفَ الأَبْرَارِ ، وَمَعْشَرَ الْفُجَّارِ ، فَانْصَرَفَ الْمُغِيرَةُ ، وَلَمْ يَسْأَلْهُ عَنْ غَيْرِ ذَلِكَ ، حَتَّى دَخَلَ عَلَى أَبِي مُوسَى الأَشْعَرِيِّ ، فَخَلا بِهِ ، فَقَالَ لَهُ نَحْوًا مِمَّا ، قَالَ لِعَمْرٍو ، فَقَالَ أَبُو مُوسَى : أَرَاكُمْ أَثْبَتَ النَّاسِ رَأْيًا ، وَأَرَى فِيكُمْ بَقِيَّةَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ ، فَانْصَرَفَ فَلَمْ يَسْأَلْهُ عَنْ غَيْرِ ذَلِكَ ، قَالَ : فَلَقِيَ أَصْحَابَهُ الَّذِينَ ، قَالَ لَهُمْ مَا قَالَ مِنْ ذَوِي رَأْيِ قُرَيْشٍ ، قَالَ : أُقْسِمُ لَكُمْ لا يَجْتَمِعُ هَذَانِ عَلَى رَجُلٍ وَاحِدٍ ، وَلَيَدْعُوَنَّ كُلُّ وَاحِدٍ مِنْهُمَا إِلَى رَأْيَهِ ، فَلَمَّا اجْتَمَعَ الْحَكَمَانِ ، وَتَكَلَّمَا خَالِيَيْنِ ، فَقَالَ عَمْرٌو : يَا أَبَا مُوسَى ، أَرَأَيْتَ أَوَّلَ مَا نَقْضِي بِهِ فِي الْحَقِّ عَلَيْنَا أَنْ نَقْضِيَ لأَهْلِ الْوَفَاءِ بِالْوَفَاءِ ، وَلأَهْلِ الْغَدْرِ بِالْغَدْرِ ، فَقَالَ أَبُو مُوسَى : وَمَا ذَاكَ ؟ ، قَالَ : أَلَسْتَ تَعْلَمُ أَنَّ مُعَاوِيَةَ وَأَهْلَ الشَّامِ قَدْ وَافَوْا لِلْمَوْعِدِ الَّذِي وَعَدْنَاهُمْ إِيَّاهُ ؟ ، فَقَالَ : فَاكْتُبْهَا ، فَكَتَبَهَا أَبُو مُوسَى ، فَقَالَ عَمْرٌو : قَدْ أُخْلِصْتُ أَنَا وَأَنْتَ أَنْ نُسَمِّيَ رَجُلا يَلِي أَمَرَ هَذَهِ الأُمَّةِ ، فَسَمِّ يَا أَبَا مُوسَى ، فَإِنِّي أَقْدِرُ عَلَى أَنْ أُبَايِعَكَ مِنْكَ عَلَى أَنْ تُبَايِعَنِي ، فَقَالَ أَبُو مُوسَى : أُسَمِّي عَبْدَ اللَّهِ بْنَ عُمَرَ بْنِ الْخَطَّابِ وَكَانَ عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ عُمَرَ فِيمَنِ اعْتَزَلَ ، فَقَالَ عَمْرٌو : فَأَنَا أُسَمِّي لَكَ مُعَاوِيَةَ بْنَ أَبِي سُفْيَانَ ، فَلَمْ يَبْرَحَا مِنْ مَجْلِسِهِمَا ذَلِكَ حَتَّى اخْتَلَفَا وَاسْتَبَّا ، ثُمَّ خَرَجَا إِلَى النَّاسِ ، ثُمَّ ، قَالَ أَبُو مُوسَى : يَا أَيُّهَا النَّاسُ ، إِنِّي قَدْ وَجَدْتُ مَثَلَ عَمْرِو بْنِ الْعَاصِ مَثَلَ الَّذِي ، قَالَ اللَّهُ تَبَارَكَ وَتَعَالَى : وَاتْلُ عَلَيْهِمْ نَبَأَ الَّذِي آتَيْنَاهُ آيَاتِنَا فَانْسَلَخَ مِنْهَا حَتَّى بَلَغَ لَعَلَّهُمْ يَتَفَكَّرُونَ سورة الأعراف آية 175ـ176 ، وَقَالَ عَمْرُو بْنُ الْعَاصِ : يَا أَيُّهَا النَّاسُ ، إِنِّي وَجَدْتُ مَثَلَ أَبِي مُوسَى مَثَلَ الَّذِي ، قَالَ اللَّهُ تَبَارَكَ وَتَعَالَى : مَثَلُ الَّذِينَ حُمِّلُوا التَّوْرَاةَ ثُمَّ لَمْ يَحْمِلُوهَا كَمَثَلِ الْحِمَارِ يَحْمِلُ أَسْفَارًا حَتَّى بَلَغَ الظَّالِمِينَ ، ثُمَّ كَتَبَ كُلُّ وَاحِدٍ مِنْهُمَا بِالْمَثَلِ الَّذِي ضَرَبَ لِصَاحِبِهِ إِلَى الأَمْصَارِ "
EnglishUnverified translation
From Ma'mar, from al-Zuhri, he said: Then after the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) emigrated and those in Abyssinia came, he sent two forces toward Syria, to Kalb, Bilqayn, Ghassan, and the Arab disbelievers in Syria's outskirts. The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) appointed over one force Abu Ubaydah ibn al-Jarrah, of Banu Fihr, and over the other Amr ibn al-As. Abu Bakr and Umar volunteered in Abu Ubaydah's force. When the two forces were to go out, the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) called Abu Ubaydah ibn al-Jarrah and Amr ibn al-As, saying to them: Do not disobey each other. When they parted from Madinah, Abu Ubaydah came to Amr ibn al-As, saying: The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) enjoined us not to disobey each other; either obey me or I obey you. Amr ibn al-As said: Rather obey me. Abu Ubaydah obeyed him, and Amr commanded both forces. Umar ibn al-Khattab found that grievously, speaking to Abu Ubaydah, saying: Do you obey Ibn al-Nabighah, appointing him over yourself, Abu Bakr, and us?! What is this view? Abu Ubaydah said to Umar ibn al-Khattab: Son of Umm, the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) enjoined me and him not to disobey each other. I feared, had I not obeyed him, disobeying the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him). That was complained of to him, and the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said: I favor none with it over you but after you, meaning the Emigrants. That campaign was called Dhat al-Salasil. Many Arabs were captured and taken therein. Then after that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) appointed Usamah ibn Zayd, a young lad. Umar ibn al-Khattab and al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam volunteered in his force. The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) died before that force set out. Abu Bakr al-Siddiq dispatched it after the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him). Then when Abu Bakr ruled after the Messenger of Allah's (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) death, he sent three commanders to Syria, appointing Khalid ibn Sa'id over a troop, Amr ibn al-As over a troop, Shurahbil ibn Hasanah over a troop, sending Khalid ibn al-Walid over a troop toward Iraq. Then Umar spoke to Abu Bakr, persisting until he appointed Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan over Khalid ibn Sa'id and his troop, from a grudge Umar ibn al-Khattab held against Khalid ibn Sa'id, when he came from Yemen after the Messenger of Allah's (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) death. Khalid ibn Sa'id met Ali ibn Abi Talib, saying: Were you overcome, O Banu Abd Manaf, in your affair? Abu Bakr did not hold it against him, but Umar did, saying: You shall surely leave his rule over foxes. When Abu Bakr employed him, he mentioned that, speaking to Abu Bakr, who employed in his place Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan. Yazid reached him as commander after he reached Syria at Dhu al-Marwah. Abu Bakr wrote to Khalid ibn al-Walid, ordering him to march to Syria with his troop. He did so. Syria was upon four commanders until Abu Bakr died. When Umar was made caliph, he removed Khalid ibn al-Walid, appointing in his place Abu Ubaydah ibn al-Jarrah. Then Umar came to al-Jabiyah, removing Shurahbil ibn Hasanah, ordering his troop to disperse among the three commanders. Shurahbil ibn Hasanah said: O Commander of the Believers, was I unable or treacherous? He said: You were neither unable nor treacherous. He said: For what did you remove me? He said: I was scrupulous to appoint you while finding stronger than you. He said: Then excuse me, O Commander of the Believers. He said: I shall do so; had I known otherwise I would not do so. He said: Umar arose excusing him. Then he ordered Amr ibn al-As to march to Egypt. Syria remained upon two commanders: Abu Ubaydah ibn al-Jarrah and Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan. Then Abu Ubaydah died, appointing Khalid and his cousin Iyad ibn Ghanm. Umar confirmed him. It was said to Umar: How do you confirm Iyad ibn Ghanm, a generous man withholding nothing asked? You removed Khalid ibn al-Walid for giving without you? Umar said: This is Iyad's trait with his property until it reaches his property. Moreover I would never change a matter Abu Ubaydah ibn al-Jarrah decreed. He said: Then Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan died, appointing in his place Mu'awiyah. Umar announced him to Abu Sufyan, saying: Count Yazid, O Abu Sufyan. He said: Mercy upon him; whom did you appoint in his place? He said: Mu'awiyah. He said: Your kin has joined you. He said: Then Iyad ibn Ghanm died, appointing in his place Umayr ibn Sa'd al-Ansari. Syria was upon Mu'awiyah and Umayr until Umayr was killed. Uthman ibn Affan was made caliph, removing Umayr, leaving Syria to Mu'awiyah. He removed al-Mughirah ibn Shu'bah from Kufah, appointing in his place Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas. He removed Amr ibn al-As from Egypt, appointing in his place Abdullah ibn Sa'd ibn Abi Sarh. He removed Abu Musa al-Ash'ari, appointing in his place Abdullah ibn Amir ibn Kurayz. Then he removed Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas from Kufah, appointing al-Walid ibn Uqbah. Then testimony was borne against al-Walid; he flogged and removed him, appointing Sa'id ibn al-As in his place. Then people spoke, embroiling in the fitnah. Sa'id ibn al-As performed Hajj, then returned from his Hajj, meeting Iraq's cavalry, turning him back from al-Udhayb. Egypt's people expelled Abdullah ibn Sa'd ibn Abi Sarh. Basrah's people retained Abdullah ibn Amir ibn Kurayz. So it was at the fitnah's start. When Uthman, may Allah have mercy on him, was killed, people pledged Ali ibn Abi Talib. He sent to Talhah and al-Zubayr: If you wish, pledge me; if you wish, I pledge one of you. They said: Rather we pledge you. Then they fled to Makkah, with Makkah Aishah, the Prophet's (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) wife, with what they spoke. She aided them upon their view. Many Quraysh obeyed them. They went out toward Basrah seeking Ibn Affan's blood. Abd al-Rahman ibn Abi Bakr went out with them. Abd al-Rahman ibn Attab ibn Usayd went out with them, Abdullah ibn al-Harith ibn Hisham, Abdullah ibn al-Zubayr, Marwan ibn al-Hakam, among Quraysh, speaking to Basrah's people, telling them Uthman was killed wronged, and they came repentant of what they had exceeded in Uthman's affair. Basrah's common folk obeyed them. Al-Ahnaf of Tamim withdrew. Abd al-Qays went out to Ali ibn Abi Talib with most who obeyed him. Aishah rode a camel of hers called Askar, in a howdah clad with cowhides, saying: I only wish my place to separate people. She said: I never thought there would be fighting between people; had I known that I would never have stood that stand. She said: People heard not my speech, nor heeded me. There was fighting. Seventy of Quraysh were killed that day, each seizing Aishah's camel's halter lest he be killed. Then they carried the howdah until they brought it into a house of those houses. Marwan was grievously wounded. Talhah ibn Ubaydullah was killed that day. Al-Zubayr was killed thereafter at Wadi al-Siba'. Aishah and Marwan returned with Quraysh's remnant, reaching Madinah. Aishah set out to Makkah. Marwan and al-Aswad ibn Abi al-Bakhtari were over Madinah and its people, dominating it. War raged between Ali and Mu'awiyah. Their dispatches would reach Madinah, reaching Makkah for Hajj; whichever preceded was the season's amir for people in Hajj days. Then Umm Habibah, the Prophet's (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) wife, sent to Umm Salamah, one saying to the other: Come, let us write to Mu'awiyah and Ali to free from these dispatches frightening people, until the nation gathers upon one of them. Umm Habibah said: I suffice you my brother Mu'awiyah. Umm Salamah said: I suffice you Ali. Each wrote to her man, sending a delegation of Quraysh and Ansar. As for Mu'awiyah, he obeyed Umm Habibah. As for Ali, he intended to obey Umm Salamah, but al-Hasan ibn Ali forbade him that. Their dispatches and agents kept coming to Madinah and Makkah until Ali, may Allah have mercy on him, was killed. Then people gathered upon Mu'awiyah, with Marwan and Ibn al-Bakhtari dominating Madinah's people in that fitnah. Egypt was in Ali ibn Abi Talib's authority; he appointed over it Qays ibn Sa'd ibn Ubadah al-Ansari - the Ansar's banner-bearer with the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) on Badr's day and others was Sa'd ibn Ubadah. Qays was of people's judicious, except what the fitnah's affair overcame. Mu'awiyah and Amr ibn al-As strove to expel him from Egypt, overcoming Egypt. He had withheld from them with shrewdness and stratagem; they could not open Egypt until Mu'awiyah schemed against Qays ibn Sa'd from Ali's side. He said: Mu'awiyah would speak to a judicious Qurayshi man, saying: I never devised a stratagem sweeter to me than one I schemed with Qays ibn Sa'd from Ali's side, while he was in Iraq, when Qays withheld from me. I said to Syria's people: Do not revile Qays, nor call me to raid him, for Qays is our partisan; his letters and counsel reach us. See you not what he does with your brothers with him of Kharbita's people? He grants them their stipends and provisions, secures their flocks, beneficent to every seeker coming to him. We disapprove nothing in his counsel. Mu'awiyah said: I kept writing that to my partisans of Iraq's people. Ali's spies of Iraq's people heard that. When that reached Ali, conveyed to him by Abdullah ibn Ja'far and Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr al-Siddiq, he suspected Qays ibn Sa'd, writing to him ordering him to fight Kharbita's people - Kharbita's people then ten thousand. Qays refused to fight them, writing to Ali: They are Egypt's faces, nobles, and zealous among them. They are pleased with me securing their flocks, granting their stipends and provisions. You know their inclination is with Mu'awiyah. I shall not plot them with a matter easier upon me and you than doing that with them today. Were I to call them to fight me, they would be two black ... of Arabs, among them Busr ibn Artah, Maslamah ibn Mukhallad, Mu'awiyah ibn Khudayj al-Khawlani. Leave me and my view in them; I know best what I manage of them. Ali refused but their fighting. Qays refused to fight them. Qays wrote to Ali: If you suspect me, remove me from your work, sending another to him. He sent al-Ashtar as amir over Egypt, until at al-Qalzam he drank at al-Qalzam a drink of honey, wherein was his death. That reached Mu'awiyah and Amr ibn al-As. Amr ibn al-As said: Allah has soldiers of honey. When al-Ashtar's death reached Ali, he sent Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr as amir over Egypt. When Qays ibn Sa'd was told of Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr coming as amir over him, he met him, secluding and conferring with him, saying: You came from one with no view in war. My removal by you bars me not from advising you. I am insightful in your affair. I shall guide you to what I plotted with Mu'awiyah, Amr ibn al-As, and Kharbita's people; plot them therewith, for if you plot them otherwise you perish. Qays described to him the plotting he plotted them with. Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr distrusted him, opposing him in everything he ordered him. When Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr reached Egypt, Qays went out toward Madinah. Marwan and al-Aswad ibn Abi al-Bakhtari frightened him, until fearing seizure and killing, he mounted his riding camel, appearing to Ali. Mu'awiyah wrote to Marwan and al-Aswad ibn Abi al-Bakhtari, raging at them, saying: You reinforced Ali with Qays ibn Sa'd, his view and plotting. By Allah, had you reinforced him with eight thousand fighters, it would not enrage me more than your sending Qays ibn Sa'd out to Ali. Qays ibn Sa'd reached Ali. When the tidings became clear to him, and Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr's killing came to them, Ali knew Qays ibn Sa'd had managed of them great matters of plotting, which Ali's view and those aiding him upon Qays's removal fell short of. Ali obeyed Qays in the whole affair, placing him over Iraq's vanguard and those in Adharbayjan and its land, and over the fifty's police who volunteered for death. Forty thousand had pledged Ali upon death. Qays ibn Sa'd kept guarding ... that frontier until Ali was killed. Iraq's people made al-Hasan ibn Ali caliph over the caliphate. Al-Hasan wanted not fighting, but wanted to take for himself what he could from Mu'awiyah, then enter the community and pledge. Al-Hasan knew Qays ibn Sa'd would not agree with him upon that, removing him, appointing in his place Ubaydullah ibn al-Abbas. When Ubaydullah ibn al-Abbas knew what al-Hasan wanted to take for himself, Ubaydullah wrote to Mu'awiyah asking safety, stipulating for himself upon the wealth he had taken. Mu'awiyah stipulated that for him, sending him Ibn Amir in great cavalry. Ubaydullah went out to them by night until he joined them, leaving his troops he commanded with no commander, with them Qays ibn Sa'd. The fifty's police appointed Qays ibn Sa'd, covenanting to fight Mu'awiyah and Amr ibn al-As until he stipulated for Ali's partisans and those following him upon their wealth, blood, and what they took of the fitnah. Mu'awiyah was free, when finished with Ubaydullah and al-Hasan, to plot the man most important to him in plotting, with him forty thousand. Mu'awiyah, Amr, and Syria's people halted with them forty nights. Mu'awiyah would send to Qays, reminding him of Allah, saying: Upon whose obedience do you fight me? Saying: The one upon whose obedience you fight has pledged me. Qays refused to acknowledge him, until Mu'awiyah sent with a sealed scroll at its bottom, saying: Write in this scroll; what you write is yours. Amr said to Mu'awiyah: Give him not this; fight him. Mu'awiyah, the better of the two men, said: Gently, O Abu Abdullah, for we shall not reach killing these until their number of Syria's people are killed. What is life's good after that? By Allah, I shall not fight him until I find no escape from that. When Mu'awiyah sent him that scroll, Qays ibn Sa'd stipulated for himself and Ali's partisans safety upon what they took of blood and wealth, asking Mu'awiyah no wealth therein. Mu'awiyah granted him what he stipulated, and Qays and those with him entered the community. He was counted among Arabs, until the first fitnah erupted, five called Arabs' judicious plotters: of Quraysh counted Mu'awiyah and Amr; of the Ansar counted Qays ibn Sa'd; of the Emigrants counted Abdullah ibn Budayl ibn Warqa al-Khuza'i; of Thaqif counted al-Mughirah ibn Shu'bah. With Ali among them were two men: Qays ibn Sa'd and Abdullah ibn Budayl. Al-Mughirah was secluded at Taif and its land. When the two arbiters were appointed, meeting at Adhruh, al-Mughirah ibn Shu'bah came to them. The two arbiters sent to Abdullah ibn Umar and Abdullah ibn al-Zubayr. Many Quraysh men came. Mu'awiyah came with Syria's people. Abu Musa al-Ash'ari and Amr ibn al-As came, the two arbiters. Ali and Iraq's people refused to come. Al-Mughirah ibn Shu'bah said to judicious Quraysh men: See you anyone able to know: will these two arbiters agree or not? They said to him: We see none knowing that. He said: By Allah, I think I shall know it of them when alone with them, reviewing them. He entered upon Amr ibn al-As, beginning with him, saying: O Abu Abdullah, inform me of what I ask you: how see you us neutrals? We doubted this affair you clarified in this fighting, seeing to wait and verify until the nation gathers upon a man, entering into the community's righteous entry? Amr said: I see you neutrals behind the righteous, with the wicked. Al-Mughirah departed, asking him of nothing else, until he entered upon Abu Musa al-Ash'ari, secluding with him, saying to him the like of what he said to Amr. Abu Musa said: I see you the firmest of people in view; I see in you Muslims' remnant. He departed, asking him of nothing else. He said: He met his companions to whom he had said what he said of Quraysh's judicious, saying: I swear to you these two shall never agree upon one man; each shall surely call to his view. When the two arbiters met, speaking alone, Amr said: O Abu Musa, see you the first we judge in truth upon us is to judge the loyal with loyalty, the treacherous with treachery? Abu Musa said: And what is that? He said: Know you not Mu'awiyah and Syria's people came to the appointment we promised them? He said: Then write it. Abu Musa wrote it. Amr said: I and you are free to name a man to rule this nation's affair. Name, O Abu Musa, for I can pledge you than you pledge me. Abu Musa said: I name Abdullah ibn Umar ibn al-Khattab - Abdullah ibn Umar was of those secluded. Amr said: I name for you Mu'awiyah ibn Abi Sufyan. They left not that مجلس until they differed and reviled. Then they went out to people. Then Abu Musa said: O people, I found Amr ibn al-As's example like Him Whom Allah, blessed and exalted, said: Recite to them the tidings of him to whom We gave Our signs but he slipped from them, until he reached: that they may reflect. Amr ibn al-As said: O people, I found Abu Musa's example like Him Whom Allah, blessed and exalted, said: The example of those laden with the Torah then bearing it not is like the ass bearing books, until he reached: the wrongdoers. Then each wrote with the example he struck for his companion to the garrisons.
