3883 - وَحَدَّثَنَا الرَّبِيعُ بْنُ سُلَيْمَانَ الْمُرَادِيُّ ، قَالَ : حَدَّثَنَا أَسَدُ بْنُ مُوسَى ، قَالَ : حَدَّثَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ مُسْلِمٍ الطَّائِفِيُّ ، قَالَ : أَخْبَرَنَا عَمْرُو بْنُ دِينَارٍ ، عَنْ عَوْسَجَةَ . [10/15] عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُمَا أَنَّ رَجُلًا مَاتَ عَلَى عَهْدِ رَسُولِ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ ، فَقَالُوا : يَا رَسُولَ اللهِ لَيْسَ لَهُ وَارِثٌ ، وَقَدْ تَرَكَ لَهُ مَوْلَى الْمُتَوَفَّى أَعْتَقَهُ ، فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ : أَعْطُوهُ مَالَهُ . فَقَالَ قَائِلٌ : كَيْفَ جَازَ لَكُمْ تَرْكُ حَدِيثٍ مِثْلِ هَذَا ، قَدْ رَوَاهُ هَؤُلَاءِ الْأَئِمَّةُ الَّذِينَ رَوَيْتُمُوهُ عَنْهُمْ ، عَنْ عَمْرِو بْنِ دِينَارٍ وَلَمْ يَرْوِ عَنْ غَيْرِهِ عَنْهُمْ مَا يُخَالِفُهُ ، وَالْقِيَاسُ يُوجِبُهُ ; لِأَنَّا لَمْ نَجِدْ أَحَدًا يَرِثُ بِمَعْنًى إِلَّا كَانَ مَوْرُوثًا بِهِ ، مِنْ ذَلِكَ أَنَّا رَأَيْنَا ذَوِي الْأَنْسَابِ يَرِثُ بَعْضُهُمْ بَعْضًا بِهَا ، وَرَأَيْنَا ذَوِي التَّزْوِيجَاتِ يَرِثُ بَعْضُهُمْ بَعْضًا بِهَا ، فَيَرِثُ الْأَزْوَاجُ الزَّوْجَاتِ بِهَا وَالزَّوْجَاتُ الْأَزْوَاجَ بِهَا ، وَإِذَا كَانَ ذَلِكَ كَذَلِكَ كَانَ الْوَلَاءُ مِثْلَهُ ، إِذَا كَانَ الْمَوْلَى الْأَعْلَى يَرِثُ بِهِ الْمَوْلَى الْأَسْفَلَ ، كَانَ الْمَوْلَى الْأَسْفَلُ يَرِثُ بِهِ الْمَوْلَى الْأَعْلَى . فَكَانَ جَوَابُنَا لَهُ فِي ذَلِكَ بِتَوْفِيقِ اللهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ وَعَوْنِهِ : أَنَّا لَوْ خُلِّينَا وَالْقِيَاسَ لَكَانَ الْقِيَاسُ كَمَا ذَكَرَ ، وَلَكِنَّا لَمْ نُخَلَّ وَالْقِيَاسَ فِي ذَلِكَ إِذْ كَانَ الْعُلَمَاءُ الَّذِينَ تَدُورُ عَلَيْهِمُ الْفُتْيَا فِي الْأَمْصَارِ مِنْ وُجُوهِ أَهْلِ الْحِجَازِ وَمِنْ وُجُوهِ أَهْلِ الْعِرَاقِ وَمِمَّنْ سِوَاهُمْ مِنْ وُجُوهِ بَقِيَّةِ أَهْلِ الْأَمْصَارِ لَمْ يَسْتَعْمِلُوا هَذَا الْحَدِيثَ بِالْقَبُولِ لَهُ وَلَا بِالْعَمَلِ بِهِ فَكَانَ ذَلِكَ مِنْهُمْ [10/16] إِخْرَاجًا لَهُ أَنْ يَكُونَ مِنَ الْآثَارِ الْمُسْتَعْمَلَةِ ، وَأَنْ يَكُونَ مِنَ الْآثَارِ الْمَقْبُولَةِ ، وَدَلَّ ذَلِكَ مِنْهُمْ أَنْ يَكُونُوا تَرَكُوهُ ; لِأَنَّهُمْ لَمْ يَجِدُوا لِعَوْسَجَةَ الَّذِي يَرْجِعُ إِلَيْهِ ذِكْرًا فِي غَيْرِ هَذَا الْحَدِيثِ ، أَوْ يَكُونُوا تَرَكُوهُ لِمَعْنًى وَقَفُوا عَلَيْهِ فِيهِ لَمْ يَجُزْ مَعَهُ اسْتِعْمَالُهُ . ثُمَّ تَأَمَّلْنَاهُ نَحْنُ فَوَجَدْنَا فِيهِ أَشْيَاءَ تَمْنَعُ مِنْ أَنْ يَكُونَ الْمَوْلَى الْأَسْفَلُ وَارِثًا مِنَ الْمَوْلَى الْأَعْلَى حَقَّ عِتَاقٍ الْمَوْلَى الْأَعْلَى كَانَ إِيَّاهُ . فَمِنْ ذَلِكَ مَا فِي حَدِيثِ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ شُعَيْبٍ مِنْهَا وَهُوَ : فَقَالَ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ : ابْتَغُوا لَهُ وَارِثًا ، فَلَمْ يَجِدُوا لَهُ وَارِثًا ، فَدَلَّ ذَلِكَ أَنَّ الْمَوْلَى الْأَسْفَلَ لَمْ يَكُنْ وَارِثًا لَهُ ، وَأَنَّ دَفْعَ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ إِيَّاهُ تَرِكَتَهُ كَانَ نَحْوَ مَا إِلَى النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ أَنْ يَصْنَعَ فِي الْمَالِ الَّذِي لَا مُسْتَحِقَّ لَهُ ، ثُمَّ مِنْ تَمْلِيكِهِ إِيَّاهُ مَنْ يَرَى تَمْلِيكَهُ إِيَّاهُ . وَمِنْ ذَلِكَ مَا فِي حَدِيثِ عَلِيِّ بْنِ شَيْبَةَ وَمُحَمَّدِ بْنِ خُزَيْمَةَ مِنْهَا وَهُوَ : " وَلَمْ يَدَعْ وَارِثًا إِلَّا غُلَامًا لَهُ كَانَ أَعْتَقَهُ " فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ : هَلْ لَهُ أَحَدٌ ؟ فَقَالُوا : لَا إِلَّا غُلَامٌ لَهُ كَانَ أَعْتَقَهُ ، فَجَعَلَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ مِيرَاثَهُ لِلْغُلَامِ ، فَاحْتَمَلَ أَنْ يَكُونَ ذَلِكَ كَانَ مِنْهُ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ لِمَعْنًى كَانَ بَيْنَهُ وَبَيْنَ الْغُلَامِ مِنْ قِبَلِ النَّسَبِ ، كَانَ بِهِ عَصَبَةً لَهُ ، أَوْ كَانَ بِهِ ذَا رَحِمٍ مِنْهُ ، فَدَفَعَ إِلَيْهِ مِيرَاثَهُ لِذَلِكَ لَا لِسَبَبِ الْوَلَاءِ الَّذِي كَانَ الْمُتَوَفَّى عَلَيْهِ . وَاحْتَمَلَ أَنْ يَكُونَ دَفَعَهُ إِلَيْهِ بِوَلَاءٍ كَانَ لِلْمُعْتَقِ عَلَى الَّذِي أَعْتَقَهُ ، كَانَ بِهِ كُلُّ وَاحِدٍ مِنْهُمَا مَوْلًى لِصَاحِبِهِ ، وَهُوَ أَنْ يَكُونَ الْمُعْتِقُ بَعْدَ أَنْ [10/17] أَعْتَقَ مَلَكَ أَبَا الْمُعْتَقِ لَهُ وَكَانَ عَبْدًا فَأَعْتَقَهُ ، فَصَارَ بِذَلِكَ مَوْلَاهُ وَمَوْلَى أَبِيهِ فَعَادَ الْمُعْتِقُ وَالْمُعْتَقُ كُلُّ وَاحِدٍ مِنْهُمَا مَوْلًى لِصَاحِبِهِ ، فَدَفَعَ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ بِذَلِكَ مِيرَاثَ الْمُتَوَفَّى إِلَى مَوْلَاهُ الْأَسْفَلِ ; لِأَنَّهُ مَوْلًى لَهُ أَعْلَى . وَمَا احْتَمَلَ مِنَ التَّأْوِيلِ مَا قَدْ ذَكَرْنَا لَمْ يَكُنْ بِأَحَدِ مَا يَحْتَمِلُهُ أَوْلَى بِهِ مِمَّا يُخَالِفُهُ مِمَّا يَحْتَمِلُهُ أَيْضًا إِلَّا بِدَلِيلٍ عَلَيْهِ ، إِمَّا مِنْ آيَةٍ مَسْطُورَةٍ أَوْ سُنَّةٍ مَأْثُورَةٍ أَوْ مِنْ إِجْمَاعٍ مِنَ الْعُلَمَاءِ عَلَيْهِ ، وَذَلِكَ كُلُّهُ غَيْرُ مَوْجُودٍ فِيمَا يُوجِبُ هَذَا الْمَعْنَى ، بَلِ الَّذِي قَدْ وَجَدْنَاهُ مِمَّا الْعُلَمَاءُ عَلَيْهِ مِنْ خِلَافِهِ يُوجِبُ أَنْ يَكُونَ قَوْلًا شَاذًّا لَا يَجِبُ قَبُولُهُ مِنْ قَائِلِهِ ، وَيَكُونُ قَوْلُ الْعَامَّةِ مِنَ الْعُلَمَاءِ حُجَّةً عَلَيْهِ ، وَلَا يَكُونُ قَوْلُهُ حُجَّةً عَلَيْهِمْ وَلَا مُعَارِضًا لِأَقْوَالِهِمْ ; لِأَنَّهُمُ الْخَلَفُ الَّذِينَ أَخَذُوهُ عَنِ السَّلَفِ الَّذِينَ كَانُوا قَبْلَهُمْ ، وَكَذَلِكَ كَانَ مَنْ قَبْلَهُمْ خَلَفًا لِلسَّلَفِ الَّذِينَ كَانُوا قَبْلَهُمْ ، وَقَدْ قَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ : فِي الْأَخْلَافِ .
EnglishUnverified translation
3883 - And al-Rabi' ibn Sulayman al-Muradi narrated to us, he said: Asad ibn Musa narrated to us, he said: Muhammad ibn Muslim al-Ta'ifi narrated to us, he said: Amr ibn Dinar informed us, from Awsajah, from Ibn Abbas, may Allah be pleased with them both, that a man died in the time of the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), and they said: O Messenger of Allah, he has no heir, though the deceased left a freedman he had freed. So the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said: Give him his wealth. So someone said: How was it permissible for you to abandon a hadith like this, narrated by those imams you narrated it from, from Amr ibn Dinar, with none narrating from others from them contradicting it, while analogy necessitates it; for we found no one inheriting by a meaning but being inherited by it. Of that, we saw kin inherit one another thereby, and we saw spouses inherit one another thereby, husbands inheriting wives thereby and wives inheriting husbands thereby. And when that is so, wala is likewise: when the upper freedman inherits thereby the lower freedman, the lower freedman inherits thereby the upper freedman. So our answer to him in that, by Allah's guidance and aid: Had we been left with analogy, analogy would be as he mentioned. But we were not left with analogy therein, since the scholars around whom fatwa revolves in the lands - of the notables of Hijaz, the notables of Iraq, and besides them of the notables of the rest of the lands - did not accept this hadith by receiving it nor act by it. So that was from them an exclusion of it from the acted-upon reports, and from the accepted reports. And that indicated from them that they abandoned it, either because they found no mention of Awsajah, to whom it reverts, in other than this hadith, or they abandoned it for a meaning they stood upon therein with which its use is impermissible. Then we examined it ourselves and found therein things preventing the lower freedman being an heir of the upper freedman by right of the upper freedman's manumitting him. Of that is what is in the hadith of Ahmad ibn Shu'ayb thereof, namely: So the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said: Seek an heir for him; and they found no heir for him. So that proved the lower freedman was not an heir to him, and that the Prophet's (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) delivering his estate to him was like what belongs to the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) to do with wealth having no deserver, then his granting it to whom he sees fit to grant it. And of that is what is in the hadith of Ali ibn Shaybah and Muhammad ibn Khuzaymah thereof, namely: 'And he left no heir but a boy of his whom he had freed.' So the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said: Has he anyone? They said: No, except a boy of his whom he had freed. So the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) assigned his inheritance to the boy. So it is possible that was from him (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) for a meaning between him and the boy of kinship, by which he was his agnate or his kin, so he delivered his inheritance to him for that, not for the wala the deceased was upon. And possible he delivered it to him by a wala the manumitted had upon the one who freed him, by which each of them was a patron of his fellow - namely that the manumitter, after manumitting, owned the manumitted one's father, who was a slave, and freed him; so thereby he became his patron and his father's patron, so the manumitter and the manumitted each became a patron of his fellow. So the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) thereby delivered the deceased's inheritance to his lower freedman, because he is an upper patron to him. And what bears of interpretation we mentioned, none of its possibilities is more worthy of it than its contrary possibilities, except by proof thereof, either from a written verse, a transmitted sunnah, or consensus of scholars upon it; and all that is absent in what necessitates this meaning. Rather what we found of the scholars being upon contrary to it necessitates it be a deviant saying not to be accepted from its sayer, and the saying of the generality of scholars is proof against him, not his saying proof against them nor opposing their sayings; for they are the successors who took it from the predecessors before them, and likewise those before them were successors to the predecessors before them. And the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said about the successors.