[8/425] 3356 - حَدَّثَنَا فَهْدُ بْنُ سُلَيْمَانَ ، قَالَ : حَدَّثَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ سَعِيدٍ الْأَصْبَهَانِيُّ ، قَالَ : أَخْبَرَنَا شَرِيكُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللهِ ، عَنْ قَيْسِ بْنِ وَهْبٍ ، عَنْ رَجُلٍ مِنْ بَنِي سُوَاءَةَ ، قَالَ : قُلْنَا لِعَائِشَةَ : حَدِّثِينَا عَنْ خُلُقِ رَسُولِ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ ؟ قَالَتْ : أَمَا تَقْرَؤُونَ الْقُرْآنَ ؟ قُلْنَا : عَلَى ذَلِكَ حَدِّثِينَا عَنْ خُلُقِهِ ، فَقَالَتْ : كَانَ عِنْدَهُ أَصْحَابُهُ ، فَصَنَعَتْ لَهُ حَفْصَةُ طَعَامًا ، وَصَنَعْتُ لَهُ طَعَامًا ، فَسَبَقَتْنِي إِلَيْهِ حَفْصَةُ ، فَأَرْسَلَتْ مَعَ جَارِيَتِهَا بِقَصْعَةٍ ، فَقُلْتُ لِجَارِيَتِي : إِنْ أَدْرَكْتِيهَا قَبْلَ أَنْ تَهْوِيَ بِهَا فَارْمِي بِهَا ، فَأَدْرَكَتْهَا وَقَدْ أَهْوَتْ بِهَا ، فَرَمَتْ بِهَا ، فَوَقَعَتْ عَلَى النِّطَعِ ، فَانْكَسَرَتِ الْقَصْعَةُ ، وَتَبَدَّدَ الطَّعَامُ ، فَجَمَعَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ الطَّعَامَ فَأَكَلُوهُ ، ثُمَّ وَضَعَتْ جَارِيَتِي قَصْعَةَ الطَّعَامِ ، فَقَالَ لِجَارِيَةِ حَفْصَةَ : خُذِي هَذَا الطَّعَامَ ، فَكُلُوا وَاقْبِضُوا الْجَفْنَةَ مَكَانَ ظَرْفِكُمْ ، قَالَتْ : وَلَمْ أَرَ فِي وَجْهِهِ غَضَبًا ، وَلَمْ يُعَاتِبْنِي صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ . [8/426] فَقَالَ قَائِلٌ : فَمِنْ أَيْنَ جَازَ لَكُمْ تَرْكُ مَا فِي هَذِهِ الْآثَارِ الَّتِي رَوَيْتُمُوهَا عَنْ رَسُولِ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ مِنْ هَذِهِ الْوُجُوهِ الْمَقْبُولَةِ فَلَمْ تَقُولُوا بِهَا ، وَخَالَفْتُمُوهَا إِلَى أَضْدَادِهَا ؟ فَكَانَ جَوَابُنَا لَهُ فِي ذَلِكَ بِتَوْفِيقِ اللهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ وَعَوْنِهِ : أَنَّهُ لَوْ تَدَبَّرَ هَذِهِ الْآثَارَ ، لَمَا وَجَدَنَا لَهَا مُخَالِفِينَ ، وَلَا عَنْهَا رَاغِبِينَ ، وَذَلِكَ أَنَّ الْمَرْأَتَيْنِ اللَّتَيْنِ كَانَ مِنْ إِحْدَاهُمَا فِي صَحْفَةِ الْأُخْرَى مَا كَانَ ، كَانَتَا زَوْجَتَيْنِ لِرَسُولِ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ ، كُلُّ وَاحِدَةٍ مِنْهُمَا فِي بَيْتٍ مِنْ بُيُوتِهِ ، وَهُمَا فِي عَوْلِهِ ، فَكَانَتِ الصَّحْفَتَانِ الْمَذْكُورَتَانِ فِي هَذِهِ الْآثَارِ جَمِيعًا لِلنَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فَحَوَّلَ الصَّحْفَةَ الصَّحِيحَةَ الَّتِي كَانَتْ مِنَ الْمَرْأَةِ الْمُتْلِفَةِ لِصَحْفَةِ صَاحِبَتِهَا إِلَى بَيْتِ الْمُتْلَفِ عَلَيْهَا صَحْفَتُهَا ، وَحَوَّلَ الصَّحْفَةَ الْمَكْسُورَةَ إِلَى بَيْتِ الَّتِي كَسَرَتْهَا ، وَلَمْ يَكُنْ فِي ذَلِكَ شَيْءٌ مِمَّا تَوَهَّمَ هَذَا الْمُحْتَجَّ عَلَيْنَا بِمَا احْتَجَّ بِهِ مِمَّا ذَكَرْنَا . وَمِمَّا يَدُلُّ عَلَى صِحَّةِ مَا نَحْنُ عَلَيْهِ مِنَ الْقَوْلِ الَّذِي أَنْكَرَهُ عَلَيْنَا ، وَعَدَّنَا بِهِ مُخَالِفِينَ لِمَا فِي هَذِهِ الْآثَارِ ، مَا قَدْ رُوِيَ عَنْ رَسُولِ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ مِنْ مَا أَهْلُ الْعِلْمِ جَمِيعًا عَلَيْهِ مُجْمِعُونَ ، وَبِهِ قَائِلُونَ فِي الْعَبْدِ إِذَا كَانَ بَيْنَ رَجُلَيْنِ ، فَأَعْتَقَهُ أَحَدُهُمَا وَهُوَ مُوسِرٌ ، فَأَتْلَفَ بِعَتَاقِهِ نَصِيبَ شَرِيكِهِ مِنْهُ أَنَّ عَلَيْهِ لِشَرِيكِهِ فِيهِ ضَمَانَ قِيمَةِ نَصِيبِهِ ، لَا نِصْفَ عَبْدٍ مِثْلِهِ ، وَسَنَذْكُرُ هَذَا وَمَا رُوِيَ فِيهِ عَنْ رَسُولِ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فِيمَا بَعْدُ مِنْ كِتَابِنَا هَذَا إِنْ شَاءَ اللهُ تَعَالَى ، وَفِي اتِّفَاقِهِمْ عَلَى ذَلِكَ مَعَ إِيجَابِهِمْ فِي إِتْلَافِ الْأَشْيَاءِ ذَوَاتِ الْأَمْثَالِ مِنَ الْأَشْيَاءِ الْمَكِيلَاتِ ، وَمِنَ الْأَشْيَاءِ الْمَوْزُونَاتِ أَمْثَالَهَا لَا قِيمَتَهَا ، مَا قَدْ دَلَّ أَنَّ الْوَاجِبَ فِي إِتْلَافِ الْأَشْيَاءِ الَّتِي لَا أَمْثَالَ لَهَا بِكَيْلٍ وَلَا بِوَزْنٍ قِيَمُهَا لَا أَمْثَالُهَا . [8/427] قَالَ : فَقَدْ جَعَلْتُمْ فِي قَتْلِ الْخَطَأِ : مِائَةً مِنَ الْإِبِلِ عَلَى أَهْلِ الْإِبِلِ ، وَجَعَلْتُمْ فِي الْجَنِينِ الْمُلْقَى فِي بَطْنِ أُمِّهِ مَيِّتًا : غُرَّةَ عَبْدٍ أَوْ أَمَةٍ ، وَفِي ذَلِكَ مَا قَدْ دَلَّ عَلَى وُجُوبِ الْحَيَوَانِ فِي الْأَشْيَاءِ الْمُتْلَفَاتِ . فَكَانَ جَوَابُنَا لَهُ فِي ذَلِكَ بِتَوْفِيقِ اللهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ وَعَوْنِهِ أَنَّ الَّذِي احْتَجَّ بِهِ عَلَيْنَا لَيْسَ مِمَّا كُنَّا نَحْنُ وَهُوَ مِنْهُ فِي شَيْءٍ ؛ لِأَنَّ النَّفْسَ الْمَجْعُولَ فِيهَا مِائَةٌ مِنَ الْإِبِلِ لَيْسَتِ الْإِبِلُ أَمْثَالًا لَهَا ؛ وَلِأَنَّ الْجَنِينَ الْمُلْقَى مِنْ بَطْنِ أُمِّهِ مَيِّتًا لَيْسَتِ الْغُرَّةُ الَّتِي جَعَلَهَا النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فِيهِ مِثْلًا لَهُ ، وَلَكِنَّ ذَلِكَ عِبَادَةٌ تَعَبَّدَنَا اللهُ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ بِهَا فَلَزِمْنَاهَا ، وَلَمْ نُخَالِفْهَا إِلَى ضِدِّهَا . فَقَالَ : فَقَدْ رَوَيْتُمْ عَنِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ إِجَازَتَهُ لِاسْتِقْرَاضِ الْحَيَوَانِ . فَكَانَ جَوَابُنَا لَهُ فِي ذَلِكَ بِتَوْفِيقِ اللهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ وَعَوْنِهِ أَنَّ الَّذِي رُوِيَ عَنِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فِي ذَلِكَ كَمَا رُوِيَ عَنْهُ فِيهِ ، وَكَانَ ذَلِكَ عِنْدَنَا - وَاللهُ أَعْلَمُ - قَبْلَ تَحْرِيمِ الرِّبَا ، وَقَبْلَ تَحْرِيمِ رَدِّ الْأَشْيَاءِ إِلَى مَقَادِيرِهَا ، لَا زِيَادَةَ فِي ذَلِكَ عَلَى مَقَادِيرِهَا ، وَلَا نُقْصَانَ فِيهِ عَنْهَا . وَالدَّلِيلُ عَلَى ذَلِكَ أَنَّ مَا رُوِيَ عَنْ رَسُولِ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فِي اسْتِقْرَاضِ الْحَيَوَانِ إِنَّمَا رُوِيَ عَنْهُ فِي اسْتِقْرَاضِ بَعِيرٍ اسْتَقْرَضَهُ ، وَكَأَنَّ الَّذِينَ ذَهَبُوا إِلَى ذَلِكَ ، وَتَمَسَّكُوا بِهَذَا الْحَدِيثِ وَعَمِلُوا بِهِ وَلَمْ يَجْعَلُوهُ مَنْسُوخًا قَدْ أَجَازُوهُ فِي اسْتِقْرَاضِ ذُكُورِ الْحَيَوَانِ ، وَفِي ذَلِكَ مَا قَدْ دَلَّ عَلَى رَفْعِ الْخُصُوصِ مِنْ ذَلِكَ ، وَعَلَى اسْتِعْمَالِ ذَلِكَ الْحُكْمِ فِيمَا اسْتَعْمَلَهُ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فِيهِ ، وَفِي سَائِرِ الْحَيَوَانِ ، وَكَانَ الْقِيَاسُ حَتْمًا وَاسْتِعْمَالُهُ وَاجِبًا فِي الْأَشْيَاءِ الَّتِي لَا تَوْقِيفَ [8/428] فِيهَا ، وَكَانَ الَّذِينَ أَجَازُوا مَا ذَكَرْنَا قَدْ مَنَعُوا مِنَ اسْتِقْرَاضِ الْإِمَاءِ ، فَلَمْ يُجِيزُوا ذَلِكَ ، وَالْأَمَةُ الْمُسْتَقْرَضَةُ تَخْرُجُ مِنْ مِلْكِ مُقْرِضِهَا إِنْ جَازَ الْقَرْضُ فِيهَا إِلَى مِلْكِ الَّذِي اسْتَقْرَضَهَا ، كَمَا تَخْرُجُ بِالْبَيْعِ مِنْ مِلْكِ بَائِعِهَا إِلَى مِلْكِ مُبْتَاعِهَا . فَكَانَ فِي ذَلِكَ مَا قَدْ دَلَّ أَنَّ الْحُرْمَةَ لَمَّا وَقَعَتْ فِي اسْتِقْرَاضِ الْأَمَةِ وَقَعَتْ فِي اسْتِقْرَاضِ سَائِرِ الْحَيَوَانِ ، وَأَنَّهُ لَا يُمْنَعُ مِنَ اسْتِقْرَاضِ الْأَمَةِ لَوْ كَانَ الْقَرْضُ فِي الْحَيَوَانِ طَلَقًا أَنْ يَكُونَ فِي ذَلِكَ مَا يُبِيحُ مُسْتَقْرِضَ الْأَمَةِ وَطْأَهَا وَرَدَّهَا إِلَى مُقْرِضِهَا ، كَمَا لَمْ تَقَعِ الْحُرْمَةُ فِي بَيْعِ الْأَمَةِ الَّتِي يَنْطَلِقُ لِمُبْتَاعِهَا وَطْؤُهَا وَإِقَالَةُ بَائِعِهَا مِنْهَا . فَقَالَ هَذَا الْقَائِلُ : فَقَدْ أَجَزْتُمْ أَنْتُمْ وُجُوبَ الْحَيَوَانِ فِي مَعْنًى مَا ، وَجَعَلْتُمُوهَا فِيهِ دَيْنًا ، مِنْ ذَلِكَ مَا قَدْ قُلْتُمُوهُ فِي التَّزْوِيجِ عَلَى أَمَةٍ وَسَطٍ أَنَّهُ جَائِزٌ ، فَكَانَ يَلْزَمُكُمْ أَنْ تُجِيزُوا الْبَيْعَ بِأَمَةٍ وَسَطٍ بِدَارٍ . فَكَانَ جَوَابُنَا لَهُ فِي ذَلِكَ بِتَوْفِيقِ اللهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ وَعَوْنِهِ أَنَّا أَجَزْنَا مِنْ ذَلِكَ مَا أَجَزْنَا ، وَمَنَعْنَا مِمَّا مَنَعْنَا اتِّبَاعًا لِمَا وَجَدْنَا الْمُسْلِمِينَ عَلَيْهِ ، وَذَلِكَ أَنَّهُمْ حَكَمُوا فِي الْجَنِينِ مِنَ الْحُرَّةِ بِغُرَّةٍ ، وَحَكَمُوا فِي الْجَنِينِ مِنَ الْأَمَةِ بِخِلَافِ ذَلِكَ ، مِنْ ذَلِكَ مَا قَالَ قَائِلُونَ : إِنَّ عَلَيْهِ نِصْفَ عُشْرِ قِيمَةِ أُمِّهِ إِذَا أَلْقَتْهُ مَيِّتًا ، وَمِمَّنْ قَالَ ذَلِكَ : مَالِكٌ وَالشَّافِعِيُّ . وَقَالَ قَائِلُونَ : فِيهِ مَا نَقَصَ أُمَّهُ كَمَا يَكُونُ مِثْلُ ذَلِكَ فِي جَنِينِ الْبَهِيمَةِ إِذَا ضَرَبَ بَطْنَهَا فَأَلْقَتْهُ مَيِّتًا ، وَقَدْ رُوِيَ هَذَا الْقَوْلُ عَنْ أَبِي يُوسُفَ . وَقَالَ آخَرُونَ : إِنَّ الْجَنِينَ إِذَا كَانَ أُنْثَى فَفِيهِ عُشْرُ قِيمَتِهِ لَوْ أَلْقَتْهُ حَيًّا فَمَاتَ ، وَإِنْ كَانَ ذَكَرًا فَفِيهِ نِصْفُ عُشْرِ قِيمَتِهِ لَوْ أَلْقَتْهُ حَيًّا ثُمَّ [8/429] مَاتَ ، وَمِمَّنْ كَانَ يَقُولُ ذَلِكَ أَبُو حَنِيفَةَ وَمُحَمَّدُ بْنُ الْحَسَنِ ، وَهُوَ الْمَشْهُورُ عَنْ أَبِي يُوسُفَ ، فَلَمَّا جَعَلُوا فِي جَنِينِ الْحُرَّةِ الَّذِي لَيْسَ بِمَالٍ غُرَّةً ، وَفِي جَنِينِ الْأَمَةِ الَّذِي هُوَ مَالٌ قِيمَةً ، عَقَلْنَا بِذَلِكَ أَنَّ مَا هُوَ مَالٌ لَا يَجُوزُ اسْتِعْمَالُ الْحَيَوَانِ فِيهِ ، وَأَنَّ مَا لَيْسَ بِمَالٍ جَائِزٌ فِيهِ اسْتِعْمَالُ الْحَيَوَانِ ، وَفِي ذَلِكَ مَا قَدْ دَلَّ عَلَى جَوَازِ التَّزْوِيجِ عَلَى الْحَيَوَانِ وَمَنْعِ الِابْتِيَاعِ بِالْحَيَوَانِ الَّذِي يَكُونُ فِي الذِّمَمِ ، وَاللهَ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ نَسْأَلُهُ التَّوْفِيقَ .
EnglishUnverified translation
3356 - Fahd ibn Sulayman narrated to us, he said: Muhammad ibn Said al-Asbahani narrated to us, he said: Sharik ibn Abd Allah informed us, from Qays ibn Wahb, from a man of Banu Suwah, he said: We said to Aishah: Narrate to us about the character of the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him). She said: Do you not read the Quran? We said: Upon that, narrate to us about his character. She said: His companions were with him; Hafsah made food for him and I made food for him, but Hafsah beat me to him, sending a bowl with her slavegirl. I said to my slavegirl: If you catch her before she lowers it, throw it. She caught her as she lowered it and threw it; it fell upon the leather mat, the bowl broke and the food scattered. The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) gathered the food and they ate. Then my slavegirl set down the bowl of food, and he said to Hafsah's slavegirl: Take this food, eat, and take the platter in place of your vessel. She said: I saw no anger in his face, nor did he reproach me. An objector said: How could you abandon what is in these acceptable reports from the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) and oppose them to their contraries? Our answer, by Allah's aid: Had he pondered them, he would find us neither opposing nor averse to them. The two wives, one of whom did to the other's bowl what she did, were both wives of the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), each in one of his houses under his maintenance. Both bowls mentioned belonged to the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him). So he moved the sound bowl of the wife who broke her companion's bowl to the house of the one whose bowl was broken, and moved the broken bowl to the house of the breaker - nothing of what this objector imagined. Proof of our view which he denied, counting us مخالف therein, is what is narrated from the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) upon which all scholars agree and state: about a slave owned by two men, when one frees him being wealthy, thereby destroying his partner's share, he owes his partner the value of his share, not half a like slave - which we shall mention with its narration later in this book, God willing. Their agreement thereon, alongside obliging likes, not values, for destroying measured and weighed likes, proves the due for destroying things without likes by measure or weight is their values, not their likes. He said: Yet you imposed a hundred camels upon camel-owners for accidental killing, and a slave or maidservant as compensation for a fetus cast dead from its mother's womb - proving animals are due for destroyed things. Our answer, by Allah's aid: What he cites is beside our point; for the soul for which a hundred camels are set - camels are not its likes - and the dead-cast fetus for which the Prophet set compensation - it is not its like. Rather that is worship Allah bound us with, which we observe without opposing. He said: Yet you narrated the Prophet permitted borrowing animals. Our answer, by Allah's aid: What is narrated thereof is as narrated, and in our view - and Allah knows best - it was before the prohibition of usury, before forbidding returning things to their measures with neither increase nor decrease. Proof: what is narrated of the Prophet borrowing animals is only of a camel he borrowed. Those who adopt that hadith, acting by it without deeming it abrogated, permitted it for borrowing male animals - showing the specific lifted and the ruling applied to what the Prophet applied it to and to all animals. Analogy was decisive and its use obligatory in matters without textual stipulation. Those who permitted what we mentioned forbade borrowing slavegirls, disallowing it; a borrowed slavegirl would exit her lender's ownership to her borrower's, as by sale from seller to buyer. So that showed prohibition falling upon borrowing a slavegirl falls upon borrowing all animals, and that were borrowing animals unrestricted, the borrower of a slavegirl would be permitted intercourse with her and returning her to her lender - unlike buying a slavegirl whose buyer may have intercourse and rescind to her seller. This speaker said: Yet you permitted animals as obligation in one sense, making them debt - as in marriage for a medium slavegirl, which you allow - so you must allow sale for a medium slavegirl for a house. Our answer, by Allah's aid: We permitted what we permitted and forbade what we forbade following what we found Muslims upon: they ruled compensation for a free woman's fetus and differently for a slavegirl's fetus - some: half a tenth of her mother's value if cast dead, among them Malik and al-Shafii; some: what diminished her mother, as with an animal's fetus cast dead by striking her belly - narrated from Abu Yusuf; others: if female, a tenth of her value had she been cast alive then died, if male, half a tenth - held by Abu Hanifah and Muhammad ibn al-Hasan, well-known from Abu Yusuf. Since they set compensation for a free woman's fetus, which is not property, and value for a slavegirl's fetus, which is property, we understood what is property admits no use of animals therein, while what is not property admits it - proving marriage for animals lawful but purchase with animals as liabilities unlawful. We ask Allah for success.