2755 - وَحَدَّثَنَا أَبُو أُمَيَّةَ ، قَالَ : حَدَّثَنَا مُعَلَّى بْنُ مَنْصُورٍ ، قَالَ : حَدَّثَنَا هُشَيْمٌ ، قَالَ : أَخْبَرَنَا يُونُسُ بْنُ عُبَيْدٍ ، قَالَ : أَخْبَرَنَا نَافِعٌ ، عَنِ ابْنِ عُمَرَ قَالَ : قَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ : إِذَا أُحِلْتَ عَلَى مَلِيءٍ فَاتْبَعْهُ . فَتَأَمَّلْنَا مَا رُوِيَ فِي هَذَا الْبَابِ مِنْ حَدِيثِ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ الَّذِي بَدَأْنَا بِذِكْرِهِ فِيهِ ، فَوَجَدْنَا الَّذِي فِيهِ : مَنْ أُتْبِعَ عَلَى مَلِيءٍ فَلْيَتْبَعْ ، فَأَشْكَلَ عَلَيْنَا الْمُرَادُ بِذَلِكَ الْإِتْبَاعِ مَا هُوَ ، فَأَوْضَحَهُ لَنَا مَا فِي حَدِيثِ ابْنِ عُمَرَ الَّذِي ثَنَّيْنَا بِذِكْرِنَا إِيَّاهُ فِي هَذَا الْبَابِ : إِذَا أُحِلْتَ عَلَى مَلِيءٍ فَاتْبَعْهُ . فَعَقَلْنَا بِذَلِكَ أَنَّهُ إِنَّمَا أَرَادَ بِذَلِكَ الْإِتْبَاعِ الْإِحَالَةَ بِمَا لَهُ مِنَ الدَّيْنِ عَلَى مَنْ [7/179] يُحَالُ بِهِ عَلَيْهِ مِنَ الْأَغْنِيَاءِ ، غَيْرَ أَنَّا وَجَدْنَا يَحْيَى بْنَ مَعِينٍ قَدْ تَكَلَّمَ فِي حَدِيثِ ابْنِ عُمَرَ هَذَا ، وَذَكَرَ أَنَّ يُونُسَ بْنَ عُبَيْدٍ لَمْ يَسْمَعْ مِنْ نَافِعٍ . كَمَا حَدَّثَنَا ابْنُ أَبِي دَاوُدَ قَالَ : قَالَ لِي يَحْيَى بْنُ مَعِينٍ فِي حَدِيثِ يُونُسَ بْنِ عُبَيْدٍ عَنْ نَافِعٍ عَنِ ابْنِ عُمَرَ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُمَا : مَطْلُ الْغَنِيِّ ظُلْمٌ ، قَالَ يَحْيَى : قَدْ سَمِعْتُهُ عَنْ هُشَيْمٍ ، وَلَمْ يَسْمَعْهُ يُونُسُ مِنْ نَافِعٍ ، قَالَ لَنَا ابْنُ أَبِي دَاوُدَ : قُلْتُ لِيَحْيَى : لَمْ يَسْمَعْ يُونُسُ مِنْ نَافِعٍ شَيْئًا ؟ قَالَ : بَلَى ، وَلَكِنَّ هَذَا الْحَدِيثَ خَاصَّةً لَمْ يَسْمَعْهُ يُونُسُ مِنْ نَافِعٍ . قَالَ : فَتَأَمَّلْنَا مَا قَالَهُ يَحْيَى فِي ذَلِكَ فَوَجَدْنَاهُ جَوَابًا لِمَا سَأَلَهُ ابْنُ أَبِي دَاوُدَ عَنْهُ مِنْ : مَطْلُ الْغَنِيِّ ظُلْمٌ ، فَأَجَابَهُ يَحْيَى عَنْهُ بِمَا أَجَابَهُ عَنْهُ فِيهِ ، ثُمَّ وَجَدْنَا فِي حَدِيثِ مُعَلَّى وَهُوَ النِّهَايَةُ فِي الثَّبْتِ ، عَنْ هُشَيْمٍ فِي هَذَا الْحَدِيثِ قَالَ : أَنْبَأَنَا يُونُسُ بْنُ عُبَيْدٍ ، قَالَ : حَدَّثَنَا نَافِعٌ ، عَنِ ابْنِ عُمَرَ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُمَا كَمَا قَدْ ذَكَرْنَاهُ عَنْ أَبِي أُمَيَّةَ فِي هَذَا الْبَابِ . فَعَقَلْنَا بِذَلِكَ أَنَّ الَّذِي أَرَادَهُ يَحْيَى مِمَّا نَفَى سَمَاعَ يُونُسَ إِيَّاهُ مِنْ نَافِعٍ هُوَ : مَطْلُ الْغَنِيِّ ظُلْمٌ ، لَا مَا فِيهِ سِوَى ذَلِكَ مِنْ قَوْلِهِ : إِذَا أُحِلْتَ عَلَى مَلِيءٍ فَاتْبَعْهُ ، وَاللهُ أَعْلَمُ بِحَقِيقَةِ الْأَمْرِ فِي ذَلِكَ . ثُمَّ طَلَبْنَا مَا فِي هَذَا الْحَدِيثِ مِنَ الْفِقْهِ فَوَجَدْنَا أَهْلَ الْعِلْمِ جَمِيعًا يَذْهَبُونَ فِي الْحَوَالَةِ إِلَى أَنَّهَا تَحْوِيلُ مَا كَانَ لِلْمُحْتَالِ عَلَى الْمُحِيلِ إِلَى الْمُحْتَالِ عَلَيْهِ ، لَا يَخْتَلِفُونَ فِي ذَلِكَ ، غَيْرُ زُفَرَ وَالْقَاسِمِ بْنِ مَعْنٍ فَإِنَّهُمَا كَانَا يَقُولَانِ : إِنَّ الْحَوَالَةَ كَالْكَفَالَةِ وَكَالضَّمَانِ وَكَالْحَمَالَةِ ، وَأَنَّ [7/180] لِلْمُحْتَالِ أَنْ يُطَالِبَ كُلَّ وَاحِدٍ مِنْ مُحِيلِهِ وَمِنَ الْمُحْتَالِ عَلَيْهِ بِمَا لَهُ ، وَكَانَ فِي قَوْلِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ : مَنْ أُحِيلَ عَلَى مَلِيءٍ فَلْيَتْبَعْ ، مَا قَدْ دَفَعَ ذَلِكَ إِلَيْهِ ؛ وَلِأَنَّهُ مَوْجُودٌ فِي اللُّغَةِ مِنْ قَوْلِ النَّاسِ : لِي عَلَى فُلَانٍ كَذَا ، وَفُلَانٌ كَفِيلٌ لِي بِهِ ، أَوْ ضَمِينٌ لِي بِهِ ، أَوْ حَمِيلٌ لِي بِهِ ، فَيَكُونُ فِي ذَلِكَ ذِكْرُهُ أَنَّ الشَّيْءَ الَّذِي لَهُ عَلَى الَّذِي كَانَ لَهُ عَلَيْهِ أَصْلُهُ ، كَمَا كَانَ لَهُ عَلَيْهِ قَبْلَ الضَّمَانِ ، وَقَبْلَ الْحَمَالَةِ ، وَقَبْلَ الْكَفَالَةِ ، وَلَمْ نَجِدْهُمْ يَقُولُونَ : لِي عَلَى فُلَانٍ كَذَا ، وَفُلَانٌ حَوِيلٌ لِي بِهِ ، وَلَا لِي عَلَى فُلَانٍ كَذَا ، فَأَحَالَنِي بِهِ عَلَى فُلَانٍ ، إِنَّمَا يَقُولُونَ : كَانَ لِي عَلَى فُلَانٍ كَذَا ، فَأَحَالَنِي بِهِ عَلَى فُلَانٍ ، فَدَلَّ ذَلِكَ أَنَّ الْحَوَالَةَ مَعَهَا تَحْوِيلُ الْمَالِ عَنْ مَنْ كَانَ عَلَيْهِ إِلَى مَنْ أَحَالَ بِهِ عَلَيْهِ ، وَأَنَّ الْكَفَالَةَ وَالْحَمَالَةَ وَالضَّمَانَ بِخِلَافِ ذَلِكَ . ثُمَّ وَجَدْنَا أَهْلَ الْعِلْمِ يَخْتَلِفُونَ فِي هَذِهِ الْحَوَالَةِ بِمَ تَكُونُ ؟ فَطَائِفَةٌ مِنْهُمْ تَقُولُ : هِيَ بِالْحَوَالَةِ عَلَى مَنْ يُحَالُ عَلَيْهِ كَانَ عَلَيْهِ مِثْلُ ذَلِكَ الْمَالِ أَوْ لَمْ يَكُنْ ، وَمِمَّنْ قَالَ ذَلِكَ : أَبُو حَنِيفَةَ وَأَصْحَابُهُ وَالشَّافِعِيُّ ، وَطَائِفَةٌ مِنْهُمْ تَقُولُ : لَا تَكُونُ الْحَوَالَةُ إِلَّا بِدَيْنٍ مِثْلِهَا لِلْمُحِيلِ عَلَى الْمُحْتَالِ عَلَيْهِ ، وَمِمَّنْ قَالَ : ذَلِكَ مَالِكُ بْنُ أَنَسٍ ، وَلَمْ نَجِدْ فِي حَدِيثِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ تَفْرِيقًا بَيْنَ حَوَالَةٍ بِمَالٍ لِلْمُحِيلِ عَلَى الْمُحْتَالِ عَلَيْهِ مِثْلُهُ ، وَبَيْنَ حَوَالَةٍ لَا شَيْءَ مَعَهَا لِلْمُحِيلِ عَلَى الْمُحْتَالِ عَلَيْهِ ، فَلَمْ يَجُزْ أَنْ نُفَرِّقَ بَيْنَ مَا قَدْ جَمَعَ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ بَيْنَهُ إِلَّا بِتَفْرِيقٍ مِنْهُ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ بَيْنَ ذَلِكَ . ثُمَّ وَجَدْنَاهُمْ يَخْتَلِفُونَ فِي الْحَوَالَةِ عَلَى مَنْ لَا يَعْلَمُ الْمُحْتَالُ بِفَقْرِهِ ، وَقَدْ أُحِيلَ عَلَيْهِ عَلَى أَنَّهُ مَلِيءٌ ، فَتَقُولُ طَائِفَةٌ مِنْهُمْ : لَهُ أَنْ يَرْجِعَ بِمَالِهِ [7/181] عَلَى الْمُحِيلِ وَتُبْطِلُ الْحَوَالَةَ مِنْهُمْ مَالِكٌ وَتَقُولُ الطَّائِفَةُ الْأُخْرَى مِنْهُمْ : لَيْسَ لَهُ أَنْ يَنْقُضَ الْحَوَالَةَ ، وَالْحَوَالَةُ كَمَا هِيَ ، وَمِمَّنْ قَالَ بِذَلِكَ أَبُو حَنِيفَةَ ، غَيْرَ أَنَّ أَبَا يُوسُفَ وَمُحَمَّدًا قَدْ قَالَا : إِذَا قَضَى الْقَاضِي بِتَفْلِيسِهِ ، عَادَ الْمُحْتَالُ بِالْمَالِ عَلَى الْمُحِيلِ ؛ فَكَانَ مَا قَالَهُ مَالِكٌ رَحِمَهُ اللهُ فِي ذَلِكَ أَحْسَنَ مِمَّا قَالَهُ أَبُو حَنِيفَةَ وَالشَّافِعِيُّ رَحِمَهُمَا اللهُ فِيهِ ، وَكَانَ مَا قَالَهُ أَبُو يُوسُفَ وَمُحَمَّدٌ فِي ذَلِكَ قَرِيبًا مِمَّا قَالَهُ مَالِكٌ فِيهِ . ثُمَّ وَجَدْنَاهُمْ يَخْتَلِفُونَ فِي تَوَى الْمَالِ عَلَى الْمُحْتَالِ عَلَيْهِ بِمَوْتِهِ مُعْدِمًا ، فَتَقُولُ طَائِفَةٌ مِنْهُمْ : يَرْجِعُ الْمُحْتَالُ بِمَا لَهُ عَلَى الْمُحِيلِ ، وَمِمَّنْ قَالَ بِذَلِكَ أَبُو حَنِيفَةَ - رَحِمَهُ اللهُ - وَأَصْحَابُهُ ، وَتَقُولُ طَائِفَةٌ مِنْهُمْ : لَا يَرْجِعُ الْمُحْتَالُ عَلَى الْمُحِيلِ ، وَالتَّوَى مِنْ مَالِهِ قَطُّ ، وَمِمَّنْ يَقُولُ ذَلِكَ مَالِكٌ وَالشَّافِعِيُّ رَحِمَهُمَا اللهُ . فَتَأَمَّلْنَا ذَلِكَ لِنَعْلَمَ مَا الْقَوْلُ فِيهِ ، فَوَجَدْنَا الْحَوَالَةَ فِيهَا تَعْوِيضُ الْمُحْتَالِ مِنْ ذِمَّةِ الْمُحِيلِ ذِمَّةَ الْمُحْتَالِ عَلَيْهِ ، فَصَارَ ذَلِكَ فِي مَعْنَى بَيْعِ ذِمَّةٍ بِذِمَّةٍ ، وَكَانَ مِثْلُ ذَلِكَ تَعْوِيضَ الَّذِي عَلَيْهِ الْمَالُ مِنْ مَالِهِ الَّذِي لَهُ عَلَيْهِ عَبْدًا يَبِيعُهُ إِيَّاهُ بِهِ ، فَيَكُونُ مَالُهُ قَدْ تَحَوَّلَ مِنْ ذِمَّةِ الَّذِي كَانَ عَلَيْهِ إِلَى الْعَبْدِ الْمَبِيعِ بِهِ فَصَارَ فِيهِ . ثُمَّ وَجَدْنَا الْعَبْدَ يَمُوتُ بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ فَيَكُونُ مَوْتُهُ مِنْ مَالِ بَائِعِهِ ، وَيَرْجِعُ الْمَالُ الَّذِي كَانَ لَهُ عَلَى الَّذِي كَانَ عَلَيْهِ ، فَكَانَ مِثْلُ ذَلِكَ تَوَى ذِمَّةِ الْمُحْتَالِ عَلَيْهِ ، يَرْجِعُ بِذَلِكَ الْمَالِ الَّذِي كَانَ فِيهَا إِلَى الذِّمَّةِ الَّتِي أُعْطِيَتْ عِوَضًا بِهَا . فَإِنْ قَالَ قَائِلٌ : فَإِنَّ مَذْهَبَ مَالِكٍ رَحِمَهُ اللهُ فِي الْعَبْدِ الْمَبِيعِ إِذَا مَاتَ فِي يَدِ بَائِعِهِ أَنْ يَمُوتَ مِنْ مَالِ مُبْتَاعِهِ ، وَإِنْ لَمْ يَقْبِضْهُ . [7/182] قِيلَ لَهُ : فَمِنْ قَوْلِهِ فِي الطَّعَامِ الْمَبِيعِ كَيْلًا إِذَا تَوَى فِي يَدِ بَائِعِهِ أَنَّهُ يَتْوَى مِنْ مَالِهِ لَا مِنْ مَالِ مُبْتَاعِهِ ، وَلَا فَرْقَ فِي الْقِيَاسِ بَيْنَ هَذَا وَبَيْنَ مَا قَبْلَهُ ، وَفِيمَا ذَكَرْنَا دَلِيلٌ عَلَى مَا وَصَفْنَا ، وَاللهَ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ نَسْأَلُهُ التَّوْفِيقَ .
EnglishUnverified translation
2755 - And Abu Umayya narrated to us, he said: Mualla ibn Mansur narrated to us, he said: Hushaym narrated to us, he said: Yunus ibn Ubayd informed us, he said: Nafi informed us, from Ibn Umar, he said: The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said: When you are transferred to a solvent one, follow him. We reflected upon what was narrated in this chapter from Abu Hurayra's hadith with which we began: Whoever is assigned to a solvent one, let him follow. The intended following puzzled us, what it is. What is in Ibn Umar's hadith with which we seconded clarified it: When you are transferred to a solvent one, follow him. We understood thereby he meant by that following transfer of what he has of debt upon whoever is assigned of the rich. Except we found Yahya ibn Main spoke about this hadith of Ibn Umar, mentioning Yunus ibn Ubayd did not hear from Nafi. As Ibn Abi Dawud narrated to us, he said: Yahya ibn Main said to me about Yunus ibn Ubayd's hadith from Nafi from Ibn Umar, may Allah be pleased with them both: Delaying by the rich is injustice. Yahya said: I heard it from Hushaym, but Yunus did not hear it from Nafi. Ibn Abi Dawud said to us: I said to Yahya: Did Yunus hear nothing from Nafi? He said: Yes, but this hadith in particular Yunus did not hear from Nafi. He said: We reflected upon what Yahya said in that; we found it an answer to what Ibn Abi Dawud asked him about, of: Delaying by the rich is injustice. Yahya answered him about it with what he answered. Then we found in Mualla's, the ultimate in firmness, from Hushaym in this hadith, he said: Yunus ibn Ubayd informed us, he said: Nafi narrated to us, from Ibn Umar, may Allah be pleased with them both, as we mentioned from Abu Umayya in this chapter. We understood thereby that what Yahya meant of denying Yunus's hearing it from Nafi is: Delaying by the rich is injustice, not what is in it besides that of his saying: When you are transferred to a solvent one, follow him. Allah knows best the reality in that. Then we sought what is in this hadith of jurisprudence; we found the people of knowledge all holding about transfer that it is shifting what the transferee had upon the transferor to the transferred-upon; they do not differ in that, except Zufar and al-Qasim ibn Man, who said: Transfer is like surety, guarantee, and sponsorship, and the transferee may claim each of his transferor and the transferred-upon for what he has. The Prophet's saying: Whoever is transferred to a solvent one, let him follow, refuted that to him; and because it exists in language from people's saying: I have such upon so-and-so, and so-and-so is surety for me in it, or guarantor, or sponsor, so therein is mention that the thing he has upon the one originally liable remains as it was before guarantee, sponsorship, and surety. We did not find them saying: I have such upon so-and-so, and so-and-so is transferee for me in it, nor: I have such upon so-and-so, and he transferred me in it upon so-and-so. Rather they say: I had such upon so-and-so, and he transferred me in it upon so-and-so. That proves transfer with it shifts wealth from whoever was liable to whoever was assigned. Surety, sponsorship, and guarantee are otherwise. Then we found the people of knowledge differing in this transfer by what it occurs. One group says: it is by transfer upon whoever is assigned, whether such wealth was upon him or not. Among those saying that: Abu Hanifa and his companions and al-Shafii. One group says: transfer occurs only with a like debt of the transferor upon the transferred-upon. Among those saying that: Malik ibn Anas. We found no distinction in the Prophet's hadith between transfer with wealth of the transferor upon the transferred-upon like it, and transfer with nothing of the transferor upon the transferred-upon. It was not permitted to distinguish between what the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) joined except by his distinction. Then we found them differing in transfer upon one whose poverty the transferee does not know, assigned upon him as solvent. One group says: he may return with his wealth upon the transferor, nullifying the transfer; among them Malik. The other group says: he may not break the transfer; transfer remains as it is. Among those saying that Abu Hanifa, except Abu Yusuf and Muhammad said: When the judge decrees his bankruptcy, the transferee returns with wealth upon the transferor. What Malik, may Allah have mercy on him, said therein is better than what Abu Hanifa and al-Shafii, may Allah have mercy on them, said. What Abu Yusuf and Muhammad said therein is close to what Malik said. Then we found them differing in the loss of wealth upon the transferred-upon by his death destitute. One group says: the transferee returns with what he has upon the transferor; among those saying that Abu Hanifa, may Allah have mercy on him, and his companions. One group says: the transferee does not return upon the transferor; the loss is from his wealth ever. Among saying that Malik and al-Shafii, may Allah have mercy on them. We reflected upon that to know the view therein; we found transfer therein compensates the transferee from the transferor's liability the transferred-upon's liability. That became like selling a liability for a liability. Like that is compensating the one liable of his wealth liable upon him, a slave he sells him for it; his wealth shifted from the liability of whoever was liable to the sold slave, becoming in it. Then we found the slave dying thereafter; his death is from his seller's wealth, and the wealth he had upon whoever was liable returns. Likewise is the loss of the transferred-upon's liability; by that the wealth in it returns to the liability given in exchange. If an objector says: Malik's view, may Allah have mercy on him, about a sold slave dying in his seller's hand is that he dies from his buyer's wealth, though he did not take possession. It is said to him: Of his view about food sold by measure, when lost in his seller's hand, is that it is lost from his wealth, not his buyer's wealth. There is no difference in analogy between this and before it. In what we mentioned is proof of what we described. And we ask Allah, Mighty and Majestic, for success.