2117 - حَدَّثَنَا سُلَيْمَانُ بْنُ شُعَيْبٍ الْكَيْسَانِيُّ ، قَالَ : حَدَّثَنَا بِشْرُ بْنُ بَكْرٍ ، قَالَ : حَدَّثَنِي الْأَوْزَاعِيُّ ، قَالَ : حَدَّثَنِي الزُّهْرِيُّ ، قَالَ : حَدَّثَنِي أَبُو سَلَمَةَ بْنُ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ ، قَالَ : حَدَّثَنِي أَبُو هُرَيْرَةَ ، قَالَ : قَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ : مَا مِنْ وَالٍ إِلَّا لَهُ بِطَانَتَانِ بِطَانَةٌ تَأْمُرُهُ بِالْمَعْرُوفِ وَتَنْهَاهُ عَنِ الْمُنْكَرِ ، وَبِطَانَةٌ لَا تَأْلُوهُ خَبَالًا ، فَمَنْ وُقِيَ شَرَّهَا فَقَدْ وُقِيَ ، وَهُوَ مِنَ الَّتِي تَغْلِبُ عَلَيْهِ مِنْهُمَا ، [5/359] قَالَ أَبُو جَعْفَرٍ : فَتَأَمَّلْنَا هَذِهِ الْآثَارَ لِنَقِفَ عَلَى مَا أُرِيدَ بِهِ إِنْ شَاءَ اللهُ فَكَانَ قَوْلُهُ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ : مَا بَعَثَ اللهُ مِنْ نَبِيٍّ وَلَا اسْتَخْلَفَ مِنْ خَلِيفَةٍ إِلَّا لَهُ بِطَانَتَانِ عَلَى مَا ذَكَرْتُهُ ، كُلُّ وَاحِدَةٍ مِنْ تَيْنِكَ الْبِطَانَتَيْنِ مِمَّا ذَكَرَهَا [5/360] بِهِ فِيهَا مِنْ حَمْدٍ وَغَيْرِهِ . فَوَجَدْنَا الْأَنْبِيَاءَ صَلَوَاتُ اللهِ عَلَيْهِمْ يَدْعُونَ النَّاسَ إِلَى مَا أُرْسِلُوا بِهِ إِلَيْهِمْ فَيَكُونُ ذَلِكَ سَبَبًا لِإِتْيَانِهِمْ إِيَّاهُمْ وَخِلْطَتِهِمْ بِهِمْ حَتَّى يَكُونُوا بِذَلِكَ بَطَائِنَ لَهُمْ ، وَتَسْتَعْمِلُ الْأَنْبِيَاءُ فِي ذَلِكَ فِي أُمُورِهِمْ مَا يَقِفُونَ عَلَيْهِ مِنْهَا ، فَيَحْمَدُونَ فِي ذَلِكَ مَنْ يَقِفُونَ عَلَى مَنْ يَجِبُ حَمْدُهُ بِظَاهِرِهِ فَيُقَرِّبُونَهُ مِنْهُمْ وَيَعُدُّونَهُ مِنْ أَوْلِيَائِهِمْ ، وَيُبَاعِدُونَ مِنْهُمْ مَنْ يَقِفُونَ مِنْهُ عَلَى مَا لَا يَحْمَدُونَهُ مِنْهُمْ وَيَعُدُّونَهُ مِنْ أَعْدَائِهِمْ ، وَاللهُ أَعْلَمُ بِمَا يُبْطِنُ مِمَّنْ يَعْرِفُونَهُ مِنْ حَمْدٍ وَمِنْ ذَمٍّ ، ثُمَّ يُوقِفُ اللهُ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ أَنْبِيَاءَهُ عَلَى مَا يُوقِفُهُمْ عَلَيْهِ مِنْ بَاطِنِهِمْ ، كَمَا قَالَ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ لِنَبِيِّنَا صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ : { وَمِمَّنْ حَوْلَكُمْ مِنَ الأَعْرَابِ مُنَافِقُونَ وَمِنْ أَهْلِ الْمَدِينَةِ مَرَدُوا عَلَى النِّفَاقِ لا تَعْلَمُهُمْ } الْآيَةَ . فَهَذِهِ الْبِطَانَةُ الْمَذْمُومَةُ الَّتِي لَا تَأْلُو مَنْ هِيَ مَعَهُ خَبَالًا . وَالْبِطَانَةُ الْأُخْرَى هِيَ الَّتِي يُوقِفُهُمُ اللهُ عَلَى ضَدِّهَا ، وَعَلَى مَا هِيَ عَلَيْهِ لِنَبِيِّهَا كَمَا أَوْقَفَ اللهُ نَبِيَّنَا صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ عَلَى مَا أَوْقَفَهُ عَلَيْهِ مِنْ أَحْوَالِ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ بِهِ مِنْ تَعْزِيرِهِمْ إِيَّاهُ ، وَنُصْرَتِهِمْ لَهُ ، وَاتِّبَاعِهِمْ مَا يَجِبُ أَنْ يُتَّبَعَ بِهِ ، كَمَا قَالَ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ : { فَالَّذِينَ آمَنُوا بِهِ وَعَزَّرُوهُ وَنَصَرُوهُ وَاتَّبَعُوا النُّورَ الَّذِي أُنْـزِلَ مَعَهُ أُولَئِكَ هُمُ الْمُفْلِحُونَ } ، وَكَمَا قَالَ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ فِي صِفَاتِهِمْ : { مُحَمَّدٌ رَسُولُ اللهِ وَالَّذِينَ مَعَهُ أَشِدَّاءُ عَلَى الْكُفَّارِ رُحَمَاءُ بَيْنَهُمْ } ، ثُمَّ وَصَفَهُمْ رِضْوَانُ اللهِ عَلَيْهِمْ بِمَا وَصَفَهُمْ حَتَّى خَتَمَ السُّورَةَ الَّتِي أُنْزِلَ ذَلِكَ فِيهَا . فَهَاتَانِ الْبِطَانَتَانِ هُمَا الْبِطَانَتَانِ اللَّتَانِ كَانَتَا مَعَ نَبِيِّنَا صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ وَكَذَلِكَ [5/361] الْبَطَائِنُ اللَّاتِي كُنَّ مَعَ الْأَنْبِيَاءِ صَلَوَاتُ اللهِ عَلَيْهِمْ قَبْلَهُ ، ثُمَّ تَأَمَّلْنَا قَوْلَهُ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ وَهُوَ مِنَ الْغَالِبَةِ عَلَيْهِ مِنْهُمَا ، فَكَانَ ذَلِكَ عِنْدَنَا - وَاللهُ أَعْلَمُ - مِمَّا يَرْجِعُ إِلَى غَيْرِ الْأَنْبِيَاءِ مِمَّنْ ذُكِرَ فِي هَذِهِ الْآثَارِ ، لَا إِلَى الْأَنْبِيَاءِ ، لِأَنَّ الْأَنْبِيَاءَ صَلَوَاتُ اللهِ عَلَيْهِمْ مَعْصُومُونَ لَا يَكُونُونَ مَعَ مَنْ لَا تُحْمَدُ خَلَائِقُهُ وَلَا مَذَاهِبُهُ . فَقَالَ قَائِلٌ : وَكَيْفَ يَجُوزُ أَنْ يَكُونَ ذَلِكَ كَمَا ذَكَرْتَ ، وَإِنَّمَا فِي هَذِهِ الْآثَارِ رُجُوعُ الْكَلَامِ عَلَى مَنْ ذُكِرَ فِيهَا مِنَ الْأَنْبِيَاءِ وَمِمَّنْ سِوَاهُمْ ؟ فَكَانَ جَوَابُنَا لَهُ فِي ذَلِكَ بِتَوْفِيقِ اللهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ وَعَوْنِهِ : أَنَّ هَذَا الْكَلَامَ كَلَامٌ عَرَبِيٌّ خُوطِبَ بِهِ قَوْمٌ عَرَبٌ يَعْقِلُونَ مَا أَرَادَ بِهِ مُخَاطِبُهُمْ وَالْعَرَبُ قَدْ تُخَاطِبُ بِمِثْلِ هَذَا عَلَى جَمَاعَةٍ ثُمَّ تَرُدُّهُ إِلَى بَعْضِهِمْ دُونَ بَقِيَّتِهِمْ ، فَمِنْ ذَلِكَ قَوْلُ اللهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ : { يَا مَعْشَرَ الْجِنِّ وَالإِنْسِ أَلَمْ يَأْتِكُمْ رُسُلٌ مِنْكُمْ } ، فَكَانَ الْخِطَابُ فِي ذَلِكَ بِذِكْرِ الْجِنِّ وَالْإِنْسِ وَمَعْقُولٌ أَنَّ الرُّسُلَ مِنَ الْإِنْسِ لَا مِنَ الْجِنِّ . وَمِثْلُ ذَلِكَ قَوْلُ رَسُولِ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فِي حَدِيثِ عُبَادَةَ بْنِ الصَّامِتِ : بَايِعُونِي عَلَى أَنْ لَا تُشْرِكُوا بِاللهِ شَيْئًا ، وَقَرَأَ آيَةَ الْمِحْنَةِ ، وَفِيهَا الشِّرْكُ وَالسَّرِقَةُ وَالزِّنَى وَهِيَ قَوْلُهُ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ : { يُبَايِعْنَكَ عَلَى أَنْ لا يُشْرِكْنَ بِاللهِ شَيْئًا وَلا يَسْرِقْنَ وَلا يَزْنِينَ } ، وَسَنَذْكُرُ ذَلِكَ الْحَدِيثَ فِيمَا بَعْدُ مِنْ كِتَابِنَا هَذَا إِنْ شَاءَ اللهُ . وَفِيهِ : فَمَنْ أَصَابَ مِنْ ذَلِكَ شَيْئًا فَعُوقِبَ بِهِ فَهُوَ كَفَّارَةٌ لَهُ ، وَنَحْنُ نَعْلَمُ أَنَّ مَنْ عُوقِبَ بِالشِّرْكِ فَلَيْسَ [5/362] ذَلِكَ لَهُ كَفَّارَةً . وَعَقَلْنَا بِذَلِكَ أَنَّ قَوْلَهُ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ : فَمَنْ أَصَابَ مِنْ ذَلِكَ شَيْئًا ، إِنَّمَا هُوَ عَلَى شَيْءٍ مِنْ بَعْضِ تِلْكَ الْأَشْيَاءِ الَّتِي فِي الْآيَةِ لَا عَلَى [ كُلِّ ] شَيْءٍ مِنْ تِلْكَ الْأَشْيَاءِ الَّتِي فِيهَا ، فَمِثْلُ ذَلِكَ قَوْلُهُ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فِي الْآثَارِ الَّتِي رَوَيْنَاهَا وَهُوَ مِنَ الَّتِي تَغْلِبُ عَلَيْهِ مِنْهُمَا يَرْجِعُ ذَلِكَ عَلَى مَنْ قَدْ يَجُوزُ أَنْ يَكُونَ مِنْهُ مِثْلُ ذَلِكَ لَا عَلَى الْأَنْبِيَاءِ صَلَوَاتُ اللهِ عَلَيْهِمُ الَّذِينَ لَا يَكُونُ مِنْهُمْ مِثْلُ ذَلِكَ . فَبَانَ بِمَا ذَكَرْنَاهُ جَمِيعُ مَا فِي هَذِهِ الْآثَارِ مِنَ الْمَعَانِي الْمُشْكِلَاتِ فِيهَا بِحَمْدِ اللهِ وَنِعْمَتِهِ ، وَإِيَّاهُ نَسْأَلُهُ التَّوْفِيقَ .
EnglishUnverified translation
2117 - Sulayman ibn Shuayb al-Kaysani narrated to us, he said: Bishr ibn Bakr narrated to us, he said: al-Awzai narrated to me, he said: al-Zuhri narrated to me, he said: Abu Salama ibn Abd al-Rahman narrated to me, he said: Abu Hurayra narrated to me, he said: The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said: There is no governor but he has two intimates, an intimate ordering him with right and forbidding him evil, and an intimate sparing him no corruption, so whoever is shielded from its evil is shielded, and he is of the one prevailing over him of them. Abu Jafar said: So we considered these reports to stand upon what is intended thereby if Allah wills. His saying: Allah sent no prophet nor appointed any caliph but he has two intimates upon what I mentioned, each of those two intimates of what he mentioned thereof of praise and other. So we found the prophets, Allah's blessings upon them, call people to what they were sent with to them, so that is cause for their coming to them and mixing with them till they are thereby intimates to them, and the prophets employ in that in their affairs what they stand upon thereof, so they praise therein whom they stand upon deserving praise by his outward and bring him near and count him of their allies, and distance from them whom they stand upon what they do not praise, and count him of their enemies, and Allah knows best what He conceals of known praise and blame, then Allah informs His prophets of their inward, as He said to our Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him): And of those around you of bedouins are hypocrites and of Medina's people persistent in hypocrisy, you know them not, the verse. So this is the blameworthy intimate sparing no corruption its companion. And the other intimate is whom Allah informs them of its opposite and what it is upon toward its prophet, as Allah informed our Prophet of the states of the believers in him of their honoring him, supporting him and following what must be followed, as He said: So those who believed in him, honored him, supported him and followed the light sent with him, those are the successful, and as He said in their description: Muhammad is Allah's Messenger and those with him severe upon unbelievers merciful among them, then He described them till He sealed the sura that was sent therein. So these two intimates are the two that were with our Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), and likewise the intimates with the prophets before him. Then we considered his saying: and he is of the one prevailing over him of them, and that in our view, and Allah knows best, refers to other than the prophets of those mentioned in these reports, not to the prophets, for the prophets are protected and are not with one whose character and ways are not praised. Then an objector said: How may that be as you mentioned, while in these reports the speech returns upon those mentioned therein of prophets and others? So our answer therein by Allah's guidance and help was that this speech is Arabic speech addressed to Arab people understanding what their addresser intends, and Arabs address the like of this upon a group then return it to some apart from the rest, of that is Allah's saying: O company of jinn and men, did there not come to you messengers of you, while the address therein mentions jinn and men though understood the messengers are of men not jinn. And like that is the Messenger's saying in Ubada ibn al-Samit's hadith: Pledge me upon not associating with Allah anything, and he read the verse of the test, and therein is association, theft and adultery, and it is His saying: Pledging you upon not associating with Allah anything nor stealing nor committing adultery, and we shall mention that hadith later in this book if Allah wills. And therein: Whoever of that befalls something then is punished therefor it is expiation for him, while we know whoever is punished for association, that is not expiation for him. And we understood thereby his saying: Whoever of that befalls something, is only upon something of some of those things in the verse not upon everything therein, so like that is his saying in the reports we narrated: and he is of the one prevailing over him of them, returning upon whoever may be such, not upon the prophets who are not such. So it became clear by what we mentioned all the difficult meanings in these reports, praise and favor be to Allah, and Him we ask for guidance.