1397 - وَقَدْ حَدَّثَنَا الْهَرَوِيُّ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الرَّحِيمِ ، قَالَ : حَدَّثَنَا آدَمُ بْنُ أَبِي إِيَاسٍ ، قَالَ : حَدَّثَنَا شَيْبَانُ ، عَنْ قَتَادَةَ ، عَنِ الْحَسَنِ ، عَنِ الْأَسْوَدِ ، عَنْ رَسُولِ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ قَالَ : { كُلُّ نَسَمَةٍ تُولَدُ عَلَى الْفِطْرَةِ حَتَّى يُعْرِبَ عَنْهَا لِسَانُهَا فَأَبَوَاهَا يُهَوِّدَانِهَا وَيُنَصِّرَانِهَا } . قَالَ أَبُو جَعْفَرٍ : فَتَأَمَّلْنَا مَا قِيلَ فِي تَأْوِيلِ هَذَا الْحَدِيثِ فَوَجَدْنَا عَلِيَّ بْنَ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ قَدْ أَجَازَ لَنَا عَنْ أَبِي عُبَيْدٍ الْقَاسِمِ بْنِ سَلَّامٍ ، قَالَ : سَأَلْتُ مُحَمَّدَ بْنَ الْحَسَنِ ، عَنْ تَفْسِيرِ هَذَا الْحَدِيثِ - يَعْنِي : حَدِيثَ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ الَّذِي ذَكَرْنَاهُ فِي أَوَّلِ هَذَا الْبَابِ - فَقَالَ : كَانَ ذَلِكَ فِي أَوَّلِ الْإِسْلَامِ قَبْلَ أَنْ تَنْزِلَ الْفَرَائِضُ وَقَبْلَ أَنْ يُؤْمَرَ الْمُسْلِمُونَ بِالْجِهَادِ . قَالَ أَبُو عُبَيْدٍ : كَأَنَّهُ يَذْهَبُ إِلَى أَنَّهُ لَوْ كَانَ يُولَدُ عَلَى الْفِطْرَةِ ثُمَّ مَاتَ قَبْلَ أَنْ يُهَوِّدَهُ أَبَوَاهُ أَوْ يُنَصِّرَانِهِ مَا وَرِثَاهُ ؛ لِأَنَّهُ مُسْلِمٌ وَهُمَا كَافِرَانِ ، وَلَمَا جَازَ مَعَ ذَلِكَ أَنْ يُسْبَى ، فَلَمَّا نَزَلَتِ الْفَرَائِضُ وَجَرَتِ السُّنَنُ بِخِلَافِ [4/16] ذَلِكَ دَلَّ عَلَى أَنَّهُ مَوْلُودٌ عَلَى دِينِهِمَا . قَالَ أَبُو عُبَيْدٍ : وَأَمَّا عَبْدُ اللهِ بْنُ الْمُبَارَكِ فَبَلَغَنِي أَنَّهُ سُئِلَ عَنْ تَأْوِيلِهِ ، فَقَالَ : تَأْوِيلُهُ الْحَدِيثُ الْآخَرُ { أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ سُئِلَ ، عَنْ أَطْفَالِ الْمُشْرِكِينَ ، فَقَالَ : اللهُ أَعْلَمُ بِمَا كَانُوا عَامِلِينَ } ، يَذْهَبُ إِلَى أَنَّهُمْ يُولَدُونَ عَلَى مَا يَصِيرُونَ إِلَيْهِ مِنْ إِسْلَامٍ أَوْ كُفْرٍ ، فَمَنْ كَانَ فِي عِلْمِ اللهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ أَنَّهُ يَصِيرُ مُسْلِمًا ، فَإِنَّهُ يُولَدُ عَلَى الْفِطْرَةِ ، وَمَنْ كَانَ عِلْمُهُ فِيهِ أَنَّهُ يَصِيرُ كَافِرًا يَمُوتُ كَافِرًا . قَالَ أَبُو عُبَيْدٍ : وَأَحَدُ التَّفْسِيرَيْنِ قَرِيبٌ مِنَ الْآخَرِ . [4/17] قَالَ أَبُو جَعْفَرٍ : فَتَأَمَّلْنَا مَا قَدْ ذَكَرْنَاهُ عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ الْحَسَنِ مِمَّا جَنَحَ إِلَيْهِ أَبُو عُبَيْدٍ ، فَوَجَدْنَا فِي حَدِيثِ الْأَسْوَدِ بْنِ سَرِيعٍ الَّذِي رَوَيْنَاهُ مِمَّا قَدْ دَفَعَ ذَلِكَ ؛ لِأَنَّ مُحَمَّدًا أَخْبَرَ أَنَّ ذَلِكَ الْقَوْلَ قَبْلَ أَنْ يُفْتَرَضَ الْجِهَادُ ، وَفِي حَدِيثِ الْأَسْوَدِ ، أَنَّهُ كَانَ فِي غَزْوَةٍ مِنْ غَزَوَاتِ رَسُولِ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ الَّتِي هِيَ الْجِهَادُ ، ثُمَّ لَمَّا اخْتَلَفُوا فِي مَعْنَى هَذَا الْحَدِيثِ عَلَى مَا قَدْ ذَكَرْنَا ، وَقَالُوا فِي تَأْوِيلِهِ مَا قَدْ وَصَفْنَا بَعْدَ جَعْلِنَا إِيَّاهُ كُلَّهُ حَدِيثًا وَاحِدًا ، وَأَثْبَتْنَا فِيهِ قَوْلَهُ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فَمَا يَزَالُ عَلَيْهَا حَتَّى يُعْرِبَ عَنْهُ لِسَانُهُ اعْتَبَرْنَا مَا جَاءَ مِنْ ذِكْرِ الْفِطْرَةِ فِي كِتَابِ اللهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ ، فَوَجَدْنَا اللهَ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ قَدْ قَالَ فِي كِتَابِهِ : { الْحَمْدُ لِلهِ فَاطِرِ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالأَرْضِ } ، أَيْ : خَالِقِ السَّمَوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضِ ، وَكَذَلِكَ حَدَّثَنَا وَلَّادٌ النَّحْوِيُّ ، عَنِ [4/18] الْمَصَادِرِيِّ ، عَنْ أَبِي عُبَيْدَةَ ، وَقَالَ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ فِيهِ أَيْضًا : { وَمَا لِيَ لا أَعْبُدُ الَّذِي فَطَرَنِي } ، أَيِ : الَّذِي خَلَقَنِي ، وَقَالَ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ : { فِطْرَتَ اللهِ الَّتِي فَطَرَ النَّاسَ عَلَيْهَا } ، أَيْ : مِلَّةَ اللهِ الَّتِي خَلَقَ النَّاسَ عَلَيْهَا ، وَكَذَلِكَ أَيْضًا حَدَّثَنَا وَلَّادٌ النَّحْوِيُّ ، عَنِ الْمَصَادِرِيِّ ، عَنْ أَبِي عُبَيْدَةَ فِي أَشْيَاءَ مِنْ هَذِهِ الْمَعَانِي . وَكَانَتِ الْفِطْرَةُ فِطْرَتَيْنِ : فِطْرَةً يُرَادُ بِهَا الْخِلْقَةُ الَّتِي لَا تَعَبُّدَ مَعَهَا ، وَفِطْرَةً مَعَهَا التَّعَبُّدُ الْمُسْتَحِقُّ بِفِعْلِهِ الثَّوَابَ ، وَالْمُسْتَوْجِبُ بِتَرْكِهِ الْعِقَابَ ، وَكَانَ قَوْلُهُ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ : { كُلُّ مَوْلُودٍ يُولَدُ عَلَى الْفِطْرَةِ } ، يُرِيدُ الْفِطْرَةَ الْمُتَعَبِّدُ أَهْلُهَا الْمُثَابُونَ وَالْمُعَاقَبُونَ ، فَكَانَ أَهْلُهَا الَّذِينَ هُمْ كَذَلِكَ مَا كَانُوا غَيْرَ بَالِغِينَ مِمَّنْ خُلِقَ لِلْعِبَادَةِ ، كَمَا قَالَ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ : { وَمَا خَلَقْتُ الْجِنَّ وَالإِنْسَ إِلا لِيَعْبُدُونِ } ، وَإِنْ كَانُوا قَبْلَ بُلُوغِهِمْ مَرْفُوعًا عَنْهُمُ الثَّوَابُ وَالْعِقَابُ ، غَيْرَ أَنَّهُمْ إِذَا عَبَّرَتْ عَنْهُمْ أَلْسِنَتُهُمْ بِشَيْءٍ مِنْ إِيمَانٍ أَوْ مِنْ كُفْرٍ كَانُوا مِنْ أَهْلِهِ ، وَإِنْ كَانُوا غَيْرَ مُثَابِينَ عَلَى مَحْمُودِهِ وَغَيْرَ مُعَاقَبِينَ عَلَى مَذْمُومِهِ ، كَمَا قَالَ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ : { فَمَا يَزَالُ عَلَيْهَا حَتَّى يُعْرِبَ عَنْهُ لِسَانُهُ } ؛ [4/19] وَلِذَلِكَ قَبِلَ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ إِسْلَامَ مَنْ لَمْ يَبْلُغْ ، وَأَدْخَلَهُ فِي جُمْلَةِ الْمُسْلِمِينَ ، وَفِي ذَلِكَ مَا يُوجِبُ خُرُوجَ مَنْ كَانَ مِنَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ بِالرِّدَّةِ فِي تِلْكَ الْحَالِ مِنَ الْإِسْلَامِ حَتَّى يَسْتَحِقَّ بِذَلِكَ الْمَنْعَ مِنَ الْمِيرَاثِ مِنْ أَبَوَيْهِ الْمُسْلِمَيْنِ ، وَقَالَ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ : { فَأَبَوَاهُ يُهَوِّدَانِهِ أَوْ يُنَصِّرَانِهِ أَوْ يُشَرِّكَانِهِ } . أَيْ : بِتَهْوِيدِهِمَا أَوْ بِنَصْرَانِيَّتِهِمَا أَوْ بِشِرْكِهِمَا ، فَيَكُونُ سَبْيًا إِنْ كَانَ أَبَوَاهُ حَرْبِيَّيْنِ ، وَمَأْخُوذًا بَعْدَ بُلُوغِهِ عَاقِلًا بِالْجِزْيَةِ إِنْ كَانَ أَبَوَاهُ ذِمِّيَّيْنِ ، فَهَذَا عِنْدَنَا تَأْوِيلُ مَا قَدْ رَوَيْنَاهُ وَاللهَ نَسْأَلُهُ التَّوْفِيقَ .
EnglishUnverified translation
1397 - al-Harawi Muhammad ibn Abd al-Rahim narrated to us, he said: Adam ibn Abi Iyas narrated to us, he said: Shayban narrated to us, from Qatadah, from al-Hasan, from al-Aswad, from the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), he said: Every soul is born upon fitrah until its tongue expresses from it; then its parents make it Jewish and Christian. Abu Jafar said: We examined what was said in interpreting this hadith. We found Ali ibn Abd al-Aziz had permitted us from Abu Ubayd al-Qasim ibn Sallam, he said: I asked Muhammad ibn al-Hasan concerning the interpretation of this hadith - meaning the hadith of Abu Hurayrah we mentioned at the beginning of this chapter - and he said: That was at the beginning of Islam, before the obligations came down and before the Muslims were commanded with jihad. Abu Ubayd said: As if he holds that had he been born upon fitrah then died before his parents make him Jewish or Christian, they would not inherit him, for he is Muslim and they are disbelievers, nor would it then be permissible to enslave him. When the obligations came down and the practices ran contrary to that, it indicated he is born upon their religion. Abu Ubayd said: As for Abdillah ibn al-Mubarak, it reached me he was asked about its interpretation and said: Its interpretation is the other hadith, that the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) was asked about the children of the polytheists and said: Allah knows best what they would have done - holding that they are born upon what they will come to of Islam or disbelief. Whoever was in Allah's knowledge to become Muslim is born upon fitrah; whoever His knowledge of him was to become a disbeliever dying a disbeliever. Abu Ubayd said: The two interpretations are close to one another. Abu Jafar said: We examined what we mentioned from Muhammad ibn al-Hasan, to which Abu Ubayd inclined. We found in the hadith of al-Aswad ibn Sari which we narrated what repels that, because Muhammad informed that that saying was before jihad was obligated, while in the hadith of al-Aswad it was in an expedition among the expeditions of the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), which is jihad. When they differed in this hadith's meaning upon what we mentioned, and said in its interpretation what we described, after our making it all one hadith and establishing therein his saying (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him): He remains upon it until his tongue expresses from him - we considered what came of mention of fitrah in Allah's Book. We found Allah, Mighty and Majestic, said in His Book: Praise be to Allah, Originator of the heavens and earth - meaning Creator of the heavens and earth. Likewise Wallad the grammarian narrated to us, from al-Masadiri, from Abu Ubaydah. He, Mighty and Majestic, also said therein: What is with me that I should not worship He who originated me - meaning He who created me. He, Mighty and Majestic, said: The fitrah of Allah upon which He originated people - meaning the religion of Allah upon which He created people. Likewise Wallad the grammarian narrated to us, from al-Masadiri, from Abu Ubaydah, in things of these meanings. Fitrah was two fitrahs: a fitrah by which is meant the creation with which there is no worship, and a fitrah with which is the worship deserving by its doing reward and necessitating by its leaving punishment. His saying (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him): Every newborn is born upon fitrah, intends the fitrah whose people are addressed with worship, rewarded and punished. Its people who are thus, while immature of those created for worship, as He, Mighty and Majestic, said: I created jinn and men only to worship Me - though before their maturity reward and punishment are lifted from them. Yet when their tongues express of them something of faith or disbelief, they are of its people, though not rewarded for its praiseworthy nor punished for its blameworthy, as he (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said: He remains upon it until his tongue expresses from him. For that he (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) accepted the Islam of one immature, entering him among the Muslims. In that is what necessitates the exit of one among the Muslims by apostasy in that state from Islam, until he thereby deserves prevention from inheritance from his Muslim parents. He (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said: His parents make him Jewish, Christian, or polytheist - meaning by their Judaism, Christianity, or polytheism. He is captive if his parents are belligerents, taken after maturity, being sane, with jizyah if his parents are dhimmis. This, in our view, is the interpretation of what we narrated. And Allah we ask for success.
