980 - كَمَا حَدَّثَنَا إِبْرَاهِيمُ بْنُ مَرْزُوقٍ ، حَدَّثَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ الْمُقْرِئُ ، حَدَّثَنَا سَعِيدُ بْنُ أَبِي أَيُّوبَ ، حَدَّثَنَا رَبِيعَةُ بْنُ سَيْفٍ ، عَنْ مُجَاهِدٍ ، عَنْ عُرْوَةَ ، عَنْ عَائِشَةَ - أَنَّهَا كَانَتْ عِنْدَ أَبِي بَكْرٍ الصِّدِّيقِ حِينَ حَضَرَتْهُ الْوَفَاةُ فَتَمَثَّلَتْ بِهَذِهِ الْأَبْيَاتِ : مُقَنَّعَا يُوشِكُ هَكَذَا أَخْبَرَنَاهُ إِبْرَاهِيمُ "مُدَفَّقًا" ، وَأَهْلُ الْعِلْمِ بِالشِّعْرِ يَقُولُونَ : إِنَّهُ "مُدَفَّعًا ". فَقَالَ : لَا تَقُولِي هَذَا يَا بُنَيَّةُ ، وَلَكِنْ قُولِي : { وَجَاءَتْ سَكْرَةُ الْمَوْتِ بِالْحَقِّ ذَلِكَ مَا كُنْتَ مِنْهُ تَحِيدُ } . ثُمَّ قَالَ : يَا بُنَيَّةُ ، فِي كَمْ كُفِّنَ رَسُولُ اللهِ - صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ - ؟ قَالَتْ : فِي ثَلَاثَةِ أَثْوَابٍ . قَالَ : كَفِّنُونِي فِي ثَوْبَيَّ هَذَيْنِ ، وَاشْتَرُوا إِلَيْهِمَا ثَوْبًا ؛ فَإِنَّ الْحَيَّ أَحْوَجُ إِلَى الْجَدِيدِ مِنَ الْمَيِّتِ ، إِنَّمَا هُمَا لِلْمُهْلَةِ يَعْنِي الصَّدِيدَ . [3/8] هَكَذَا يَقُولُ أَصْحَابُ الْحَدِيثِ ، وَغَيْرُهُمْ مِنْ أَهْلِ اللُّغَةِ يَقُولُونَ : لِلْمِهْلَةِ - بِكَسْرِ الْمِيمِ . وَذَكَرَ الْبُخَارِيُّ أَنَّ مُجَاهِدًا هَذَا مِنْ أَهْلِ الْمَدِينَةِ ، وَأَنَّ مِمَّا رَوَى عَنْهُ جَعْفَرُ بْنُ رَبِيعَةَ . وَقَدْ ذَكَرَ عَبْدُ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنُ الْقَاسِمِ عَنْ مَالِكِ بْنِ أَنَسٍ أَنَّ خَارِجَةَ بْنَ زَيْدٍ وَمُجَاهِدًا كَانَا يَقْسِمَانِ لِلنَّاسِ بِالْمَدِينَةِ بِغَيْرِ أَجْرٍ ، فَلَمْ يُدْرَ مَنْ مُجَاهِدٌ الَّذِي أَرَادَهُ مَالِكٌ الَّذِي وَقَفْنَا عَلَى مَا ذَكَرْنَا ، فَعَلِمْنَا أَنَّهُ مُجَاهِدٌ . وَأَرَدْنَا بِمَا ذَكَرْنَا أَنْ يُعْلَمَ أَنَّهُ خِلَافُ مُجَاهِدِ بْنِ جَبْرٍ ؛ إِذْ كَانَ مُجَاهِدُ بْنُ جَبْرٍ إِنَّمَا كَانَ يَكُونُ مَرَّةً بِمَكَّةَ وَمَرَّةً بِالْكُوفَةِ ، وَلَا ذِكْرَ لَهُ فِي أَهْلِ الْمَدِينَةِ . [3/9] فَقَالَ قَائِلٌ : مَا كَانَ مَعْنَى تَرْكِ رَسُولِ اللهِ - صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ - مِيرَاثَ هَذَا الْمُتَوَفَّى ، وَهُوَ مَوْلَاهُ الَّذِي مِنْ سَبَبِهِ وُجُوبُ مِيرَاثِ مَوْلَى النِّعْمَةِ ، وَدَفْعُهُ إِلَى أَهْلِ الْمَدِينَةِ الَّذِينَ لَيْسُوا مِنْ مِيرَاثِهِ فِي شَيْءٍ ؟ فَكَانَ جَوَابُنَا لَهُ فِي ذَلِكَ ، بِتَوْفِيقِ اللهِ وَعَوْنِهِ - أَنَّ اللهَ شَرَّفَهُ - صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ - ، وَرَفَعَ مَنْزِلَتَهُ وَجَعَلَهُ فِي أَعْلَى مَرَاتِبِ الدُّنْيَا وَالْآخِرَةِ ، وَأَخْرَجَهُ مِنْ أَخْلَاقِ مَنْ سِوَاهُ مِنْ أَهْلِ الرَّغْبَةِ فِي الدُّنْيَا ، وَكَانَ فِيمَا أُنْزِلَ عَلَيْهِ { كَلا بَلْ لا تُكْرِمُونَ الْيَتِيمَ * وَلَا يَحُضُّونَ عَلَى طَعَامِ الْمِسْكَيْنِ * وَيَأْكُلُونَ التُّرَاثَ أَكْلًا لَمًّا * وَيُحِبُّونَ الْمَالَ حُبًّا جَمًّا } فَوَصَفَهُمْ بِذَلِكَ بِأَخْلَاقٍ لَا يَحْمَدُهَا ، وَجَعَلَهُمْ بِذَلِكَ فِي مَنْزِلَةٍ سُفْلَى . وَأَخْرَجَهُ - صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ - مِنْ ذَلِكَ إِلَى أَرْفَعِ الْمَنَازِلِ ، وَجَعَلَ حُكْمَهُ مِمَّا أَخْرَجَهُ إِلَيْهِ أَعْلَى الْأَحْكَامِ ، فَلَمْ يَجْعَلْهُ مِمَّنْ يَرِثُ مِنْ سِوَاهُ مِنْ ذِي نَسَبٍ وَلَا ذِي وَلَاءٍ وَلَا مِنْ ذَوَاتِ تَزْوِيجٍ . وَخَالَفَ بَيْنَهُ وَبَيْنَ سَائِرِ أُمَّتِهِ فِي ذَلِكَ زِيَادَةً فِي فَضْلِهِ وَفِي تَشْرِيفِهِ إِيَّاهُ وَفِي رِفْعَةِ مَنْزِلَتِهِ فِيهِ ، فَأَمَرَ - صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ - بِذَلِكَ فِي مِيرَاثِ مَوْلَاهُ الَّذِي ذُكِرَ فِي هَذَا الْحَدِيثِ لَمَّا لَمْ يَكُنْ لَهُ وَلَدٌ وَلَا حَمِيمٌ يَسْتَحِقُّ مِيرَاثَهُ - أَنْ يُدْفَعَ مِيرَاثُهُ إِلَى أَهْلِ قَرْيَتِهِ كَمَا يَكُونُ لِلْأَئِمَّةِ فِي الْأَمْوَالِ الَّتِي لَا مَالِكَ لَهَا أَنْ تُدْفَعَ إِلَى مَنْ يَرَوْنَ دَفْعَهَا إِلَيْهِ مِنَ النَّاسِ . فَإِنْ قَالَ قَائِلٌ : فَقَدْ كَانَ مِنْ أَنْبِيَاءِ اللهِ صَلَوَاتُ اللهِ عَلَيْهِمْ يَرِثُونَ وَيُورَثُونَ ، مِنْ ذَلِكَ مَا حَكَى جَلَّ وَعَزَّ فِي كِتَابِهِ عَنْ نَبِيِّهِ - صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ - زَكَرِيَّا مِنْ [3/10] سُؤَالِهِ إِيَّاهُ أَنْ يَهَبَ لَهُ مِنْ لَدُنْهُ وَلِيًّا يَرِثُهُ وَيَرِثُ مِنْ آلِ يَعْقُوبَ - صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ - ، وَأَنْ يَجْعَلَهُ نَبِيًّا وَمِنْ أَهْلِ إِجَابَتِهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ إِيَّاهُ إِلَى ذَلِكَ وَهِبَتِهِ لَهُ يَحْيَى - صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ - وَإِصْلَاحِهِ لَهُ زَوْجَهُ . فَكَانَ جَوَابُنَا لَهُ بِتَوْفِيقِ اللهِ وَعَوْنِهِ أَنَّ مَا كَانَ مِنْ زَكَرِيَّا - صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ - فِي ذَلِكَ مِمَّا سَأَلَهُ رَبُّهُ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ أَنْ يَهَبَ لَهُ مَنْ يَرِثُهُ ، لَمْ يَكُنْ ذَلِكَ لِمَالٍ يَرِثُهُ عَنْهُ وَأَيُّ مَالٍ كَانَ لَهُ - صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ - وَإِنَّمَا كَانَ زَاهِدًا نَجَّارًا يَعْمَلُ بِيَدِهِ . !
EnglishUnverified translation
980 - As narrated to us by Ibrahim ibn Marzuq, narrated to us by Abu Abd al-Rahman al-Muqri, narrated to us by Sa'id ibn Abi Ayyub, narrated to us by Rabi'ah ibn Sayf, from Mujahid, from Urwah, from Aishah, that she was with Abu Bakr al-Siddiq when death came to him and recited verses. He said: Do not say this, my daughter, but say: And the agony of death comes in truth; that is what you were avoiding. Then he said: My daughter, in how many garments was the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) shrouded? She said: In three garments. He said: Shroud me in these two garments of mine and buy a third with them; the living need new more than the dead; they are only for discharge, meaning pus. Thus say the people of hadith, while others among the people of language say: for discharge, with kasr of the mim. Al-Bukhari mentioned that this Mujahid is of the people of Madinah, and that among those who narrated from him is Ja'far ibn Rabi'ah. Abd al-Rahman ibn al-Qasim mentioned from Malik ibn Anas that Kharijah ibn Zayd and Mujahid used to divide for people in Madinah without wage, and it was not known which Mujahid Malik meant of what we established, so we knew it is this Mujahid. By what we mentioned we intended it be known that he is other than Mujahid ibn Jabr, since Mujahid ibn Jabr was at times in Makkah and at times in Kufah, with no mention among the people of Madinah. An objector said: What was the meaning of the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) leaving the inheritance of this deceased, he being his freedman whose patronage obliges the inheritance of the patron, and paying it to the people of his village who have nothing of his inheritance? Our answer, by Allah's guidance and aid, is that Allah honored him (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), raised his station, placed him in the highest ranks of this world and the Hereafter, and removed him from the morals of others among desirers of this world. Among what was revealed to him: Nay, you do not honor the orphan, nor urge feeding the poor, and you devour inheritance greedily, and you love wealth greatly. He described them with blameworthy morals, placing them in a low station. He removed him (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) from that to the highest stations, and made his ruling of what He removed him to the highest rulings: He did not make him of those who inherit from others, whether kin, patron, or marriage. He distinguished between him and the rest of his community in that, increase in his merit, honoring him, and raising his station in it. He (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) ordered in the inheritance of his freedman mentioned in this hadith, since he had no child nor close kin deserving his inheritance, that his inheritance be paid to the people of his village, as imams do with ownerless wealth, paying it to whom they see fit among people. If an objector says: Among the prophets of Allah, blessings upon them, were those who inherit and are inherited, from that what the Majestic and Mighty related in His Book from His prophet Zakariyya (peace be upon him), his asking Him to grant him from Himself a guardian to inherit him and inherit from the family of Ya'qub (peace be upon him), and to make him a prophet, and His answering him and granting him Yahya (peace be upon him) and mending his wife for him. Our answer, by Allah's guidance and aid, is that what Zakariyya (peace be upon him) asked his Lord to grant him of one to inherit him was not wealth to inherit from him, and what wealth did he (peace be upon him) have; he was an ascetic carpenter working with his hand.
