5403 - حَدَّثَنَا رَوْحُ بْنُ الْفَرَجِ ، قَالَ : ثَنَا يَحْيَى بْنُ عَبْدِ اللهِ بْنِ بُكَيْرٍ ، قَالَ : حَدَّثَنِي ثَابِتُ بْنُ يَعْقُوبَ ، عَنْ دَاوُدَ بْنِ سَعِيدِ بْنِ أَبِي الزُّبَيْرِ ، عَنْ مَالِكِ بْنِ أَنَسٍ رَحْمَةُ اللهِ عَلَيْهِ ، عَنْ عَمِّهِ أَبِي سُهَيْلِ بْنِ مَالِكٍ ، قَالَ : هَذَا كِتَابُ عُمَرَ بْنِ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ فِي الْفَيْءِ وَالْمَغْنَمِ . أَمَّا بَعْدُ ، فَإِنَّ اللهَ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ أَنْزَلَ الْقُرْآنَ عَلَى مُحَمَّدٍ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ بَصَائِرَ وَرَحْمَةً لِقَوْمٍ يُؤْمِنُونَ ، فَشَرَعَ فِيهِ الدِّينَ ، وَأَبْهَجَ بِهِ السَّبِيلَ ، وَصَرَفَ بِهِ الْقَوْلَ ، وَبَيَّنَ مَا يُؤْتَى مِمَّا يُنَالُ بِهِ مِنْ رِضْوَانِهِ ، وَمَا يُنْتَهَى عَنْهُ مِنْ مَنَاهِيهِ وَمَسَاخِطِهِ . ثُمَّ أَحَلَّ حَلَالَهُ الَّذِي وَسَّعَ بِهِ ، وَحَرَّمَ حَرَامَهُ ، فَجَعَلَهُ مَرْغُوبًا عَنْهُ ، مَسْخُوطًا عَلَى أَهْلِهِ ، وَجَعَلَ مِمَّا رَحِمَ بِهِ هَذِهِ الْأُمَّةَ ، وَوَسَّعَ بِهِ عَلَيْهِمْ مَا أَحَلَّ مِنَ الْمَغْنَمِ ، وَبَسَطَ مِنْهُ وَلَمْ يَحْظُرْهُ عَلَيْهِمْ ، كَمَا ابْتَلَى بِهِ أَهْلَ النُّبُوَّةِ وَالْكِتَابِ ، مِمَّنْ كَانَ قَبْلَهُمْ . فَكَانَ مِنْ ذَلِكَ مَا نَقَلَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ لِخَاصَّةٍ دُونَ النَّاسِ ، مِمَّا غَنِمَهُ مِنْ أَمْوَالِ بَنِي قُرَيْظَةَ وَالنَّضِيرِ ، إِذْ يَقُولُ اللهُ حِينَئِذٍ : { وَمَا أَفَاءَ اللهُ عَلَى رَسُولِهِ مِنْهُمْ فَمَا أَوْجَفْتُمْ عَلَيْهِ مِنْ خَيْلٍ وَلا رِكَابٍ وَلَكِنَّ اللهَ يُسَلِّطُ رُسُلَهُ عَلَى مَنْ يَشَاءُ وَاللهُ عَلَى كُلِّ شَيْءٍ قَدِيرٌ } . فَكَانَتْ تِلْكَ الْأَمْوَالُ خَالِصَةً لِرَسُولِ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ لَمْ يَجِبْ فِيهَا خُمُسٌ وَلَا مَغْنَمٌ ، لِيُوَلِّيَ اللهُ وَرَسُولَهُ أَمْرَهُ . وَاخْتَارَ أَهْلَ الْحَاجَةِ بِهَا ، السَّابِقَةَ عَلَى مَا يُلْهِمُهُ مِنْ ذَلِكَ ، وَيَأْذَنُ لَهُ بِهِ ، فَلَمْ يَضُرَّ بِهَا رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ وَلَمْ يَخْتَرْهَا [3/294] لِنَفْسِهِ ، وَلَا لِأَقَارِبِهِ ، وَلَمْ يُخَصِّصْ بِهَذَا مِنْهُمْ بِفَرْضٍ وَلَا سُهْمَانٍ ، وَلَكِنْ آثَرَ ، بِأَوْسَعِهَا وَأَكْثَرِهَا أَهْلَ الْحَقِّ وَالْقُدْمَةِ ، مِنَ الْمُهَاجِرِينَ { الَّذِينَ أُخْرِجُوا مِنْ دِيَارِهِمْ وَأَمْوَالِهِمْ يَبْتَغُونَ فَضْلا مِنَ اللهِ وَرِضْوَانًا وَيَنْصُرُونَ اللهَ وَرَسُولَهُ أُولَئِكَ هُمُ الصَّادِقُونَ } . وَقَسَمَ اللهُ طَوَائِفَ مِنْهَا فِي أَهْلِ الْحَاجَةِ مِنَ الْأَنْصَارِ ، وَحَبَسَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فَرِيقًا مِنْهَا لِنَائِبَتِهِ وَحَقِّهِ ، وَمَا يَعْرُوهُ - أَيْ : يَعْرِضُ لَهُ وَيَعْتَرِيهِ - غَيْرُ مُفْتَقِدٍ شَيْئًا مِنْهَا ، وَلَا مُسْتَأْثِرٍ بِهِ ، وَلَا مُرِيدٍ أَنْ يُؤْتِيَهُ أَحَدٌ بَعْدَهُ ، فَجَعَلَهُ صَدَقَةً لَا يُورَثُ لِأَحَدٍ فِيهِ هَادَّةٌ فِي الدُّنْيَا ، وَمَحْقَرَةٌ لَهَا وَأَثَرَةٌ لِمَا عِنْدَ اللهِ ، فَهَذَا الَّذِي لَمْ يُوجَفْ فِيهِ خَيْلٌ وَلَا رِكَابٌ . وَمِنَ الْأَنْفَالِ الَّتِي آثَرَ اللهُ بِهَا رَسُولَهُ وَلَمْ يَجْعَلْ لِأَحَدٍ فِيهَا مِثْلَ الَّذِي جَعَلَ لَهُ مِنَ الْمَغْنَمِ ، الَّذِي فِيهِ اخْتِلَافُ مَنِ اخْتَلَفَ ، قَوْلُ اللهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ : { مَا أَفَاءَ اللهُ عَلَى رَسُولِهِ مِنْ أَهْلِ الْقُرَى فَلِلَّهِ وَلِلرَّسُولِ وَلِذِي الْقُرْبَى وَالْيَتَامَى وَالْمَسَاكِينِ وَابْنِ السَّبِيلِ كَيْ لا يَكُونَ دُولَةً بَيْنَ الأَغْنِيَاءِ مِنْكُمْ } . ثُمَّ قَالَ : { وَمَا آتَاكُمُ الرَّسُولُ فَخُذُوهُ وَمَا نَهَاكُمْ عَنْهُ فَانْتَهُوا وَاتَّقُوا اللهَ إِنَّ اللهَ شَدِيدُ الْعِقَابِ } . فَأَمَّا قَوْلُهُ : " فَلِلَّهِ " فَإِنَّ اللهَ تَبَارَكَ وَتَعَالَى غَنِيٌّ عَنِ الدُّنْيَا وَأَهْلِهَا وَكُلِّ مَا فِيهَا ، وَلَهُ ذَلِكَ كُلُّهُ ، وَلَكِنَّهُ يَقُولُ : اجْعَلُوهُ فِي سَبِيلِهِ الَّتِي أَمَرَ بِهَا . وَقَوْلُهُ : " وَلِلرَّسُولِ " ، فَإِنَّ الرَّسُولَ لَمْ يَكُنْ لَهُ حَظٌّ فِي الْمَغْنَمِ إِلَّا كَحَظِّ الْعَامَّةِ مِنَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ ، وَلَكِنَّهُ يَقُولُ : إِلَى الرَّسُولِ قِسْمَتُهُ وَالْعَمَلُ بِهِ وَالْحُكُومَةُ فِيهِ . فَأَمَّا قَوْلُهُ : " وَلِذِي الْقُرْبَى " ، فَقَدْ ظَنَّ جَهَلَةٌ مِنَ النَّاسِ ، أَنَّ لِذِي قُرْبَى مُحَمَّدٍ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ سَهْمًا مَفْرُوضًا مِنَ الْمَغْنَمِ ، قُطِعَ عَنْهُمْ وَلَمْ يُؤْتَهُ إِيَّاهُمْ . وَلَوْ كَانَ كَذَلِكَ لَبَيَّنَهُ كَمَا بَيَّنَ فَرَائِضَ الْمَوَارِيثِ ، فِي النِّصْفِ ، وَالرُّبْعِ ، وَالسُّدُسِ ، وَالثُّمُنِ ، وَلَمَا نَقَصَ حَظُّهُمْ مِنْ ذَلِكَ غِنَاءٌ كَانَ عِنْدَ أَحَدِهِمْ ، أَوْ فَقْرٌ ، كَمَا لَا يَقْطَعُ ذَلِكَ حَظُّ الْوَرَثَةِ مِنْ سِهَامِهِمْ . وَلَكِنَّ رَسُولَ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ قَدْ نَفَلَ لَهُمْ فِي ذَلِكَ شَيْئًا مِنَ الْمَغْنَمِ ، مِنَ الْعَقَارِ ، وَالسَّبْيِ ، وَالْمَوَاشِي ، وَالْعُرُوضِ ، وَالصَّامِتِ . وَلَكِنَّهُ لَمْ يَكُنْ فِي شَيْءٍ مِنْ ذَلِكَ فَرْضٌ يُعْلَمُ ، وَلَا أَثَرٌ يُقْتَدَى بِهِ ، حَتَّى قَبَضَ اللهُ نَبِيَّهُ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ إِلَّا أَنَّهُ قَدْ قَسَمَ فِيهِمْ قِسْمًا يَوْمَ خَيْبَرَ ، لَمْ يَعُمَّ بِذَلِكَ يَوْمَئِذٍ عَامَّتَهُمْ ، وَلَمْ يُخَصِّصْ قَرِيبًا دُونَ آخَرَ أَحْوَجَ مِنْهُ . لَقَدْ أَعْطَى يَوْمَئِذٍ مَنْ لَيْسَتْ لَهُ قَرَابَةٌ ، وَذَلِكَ لَمَّا شَكَوْا لَهُ مِنَ الْحَاجَةِ ، وَمَا كَانَ مِنْهُمْ فِي جَنْبِهِ مِنْ قَوْمِهِمْ ، وَمَا خَلَصَ إِلَى حُلَفَائِهِمْ مِنْ ذَلِكَ ، فَلَمْ يُفَضِّلْهُمْ عَلَيْهِمْ لِقَرَابَتِهِمْ . وَلَوْ كَانَ لِذِي الْقُرْبَى حَقٌّ ، كَمَا ظَنَّ أُولَئِكَ ، لَكَانَ أَخْوَالُهُ ذَوِي قُرْبَى ، وَأَخْوَالُ أَبِيهِ وَجَدِّهِ ، وَكُلُّ مَنْ ضَرَبَهُ بِرَحِمٍ ؛ فَإِنَّهَا الْقُرْبَى كُلُّهَا . وَكَمَا لَوْ كَانَ ذَلِكَ كَمَا ظَنُّوا ، لَأَعْطَاهُمْ إِيَّاهُ أَبُو بَكْرٍ وَعُمَرُ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُمَا ، بَعْدَمَا وَسِعَ الْفَيْءُ وَكَثُرَ . [3/295] وَأَبُو الْحَسَنِ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُمَا - أَيْ : عَلِيٌّ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ - حِينَ مَلَكَ مَا مَلَكَ ، وَلَمْ يَكُنْ عَلَيْهِ فِيهِ قَائِلٌ ، أَفَلَا عَلَّمَهُمْ مِنْ ذَلِكَ أَمْرًا يَعْمَلُ بِهِ فِيهِمْ ، وَيُعْرَفُ بَعْدَهُ . وَلَوْ كَانَ ذَلِكَ كَمَا زَعَمُوا ، لَمَا قَالَ اللهُ تَعَالَى : { كَيْ لا يَكُونَ دُولَةً بَيْنَ الأَغْنِيَاءِ مِنْكُمْ } ، فَإِنَّ مِنْ ذَوِي قَرَابَةِ رَسُولِ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ لَمَنْ كَانَ غَنِيًّا ، وَكَانَ فِي سَعَةٍ يَوْمَ يَنْزِلُ الْقُرْآنُ وَبَعْدَ ذَلِكَ . فَلَوْ كَانَ ذَلِكَ السَّهْمُ جَائِزًا لَهُ وَلَهُمْ ، كَانَتْ تِلْكَ دُولَةً ، بَلْ كَانَتْ مِيرَاثًا لِقَرَابَتِهِ ، لَا يَحِلُّ لِأَحَدٍ قَطْعُهَا وَلَا نَقْضُهَا . وَلَكِنَّهُ يَقُولُ : لِذِي قُرْبَى ، بِحَقِّهِمْ وَقَرَابَتِهِمْ فِي الْحَاجَةِ . وَالْحَقُّ اللَّازِمُ كَحَقِّ الْمُسْلِمِينَ ، فِي مَسْكَنَتِهِ وَحَاجَتِهِ ، فَإِذَا اسْتَغْنَى فَلَا حَقَّ لَهُ . وَالْيَتِيمُ فِي يُتْمِهِ ، وَإِنْ كَانَ الْيَتِيمُ وَرِثَ عَنْ وَارِثِهِ ، فَلَا حَقَّ لَهُ . وَابْنُ السَّبِيلِ ، فِي سَفَرِهِ وَصَيْرُورَتِهِ - إِنْ كَانَ كَبِيرَ الْمَالِ - مُوَسَّعًا عَلَيْهِ ، فَلَا حَقَّ لَهُ فِيهِ ، وَرُدَّ ذَلِكَ الْحَقُّ إِلَى أَهْلِ الْحَاجَةِ . وَبَعَثَ اللهُ الَّذِينَ بَعَثَ ، وَذَكَرَ الْيَتِيمَ ذَا الْمَقْرَبَةِ وَالْمِسْكِينَ ذَا الْمَتْرَبَةِ ، كُلُّ هَؤُلَاءِ هَكَذَا ، لَمْ يَكُنْ نَبِيُّ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ وَلَا صَالِحُ مَنْ مَضَى لِيَدَعُوا حَقًّا فَرَضَهُ اللهُ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ لِذِي قَرَابَةِ رَسُولِ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ ، وَيَقُومُونَ لَهُمْ بِحَقِّ اللهِ فِيهِ ، كَمَا قَالَ : { وَأَقِيمُوا الصَّلاةَ وَآتُوا الزَّكَاةَ } وَأَحْكَامَ الْقُرْآنِ ، وَلَقَدْ أَمْضَوْا عَلَى ذَلِكَ عَطَايَا مِنْ عَطَايَا وَضَعَهَا فِي أَفْيَاءِ النَّاسِ ، وَإِنَّ بَعْضَ مَنْ أُعْطِيَ مِنْ تِلْكَ الْعَطَايَا لَمَنْ هُوَ عَلَى غَيْرِ دِينِ الْإِسْلَامِ ، فَأَمْضَوْا ذَلِكَ لَهُمْ ، فَمَنْ زَعَمَ غَيْرَ هَذَا كَانَ مُفْتَرِيًا مُتَقَوِّلًا عَلَى اللهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ وَرَسُولِهِ وَصَالِحِ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ ، مِنَ الَّذِينَ اتَّبَعُوا غَيْرَ الْحَقِّ . وَأَمَّا قَوْلُ مَنْ يَقُولُ فِي الْخُمُسِ : إِنَّ اللهَ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ فَرَضَهُ فَرَائِضَ مَعْلُومَةً ، فِيهَا حَقُّ مَنْ سَمَّى ، فَإِنَّ الْخُمُسَ فِي هَذَا الْأَمْرِ بِمَنْزِلَةِ الْمَغْنَمِ . وَقَدْ آتَى اللهُ نَبِيَّهُ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ سَبْيًا ، فَأَخَذَ مِنْهُ أُنَاسًا ، وَتَرَكَ ابْنَتَهُ ، وَقَدْ أَرَتْهُ يَدَيْهَا مِنْ مَحَلِّ الرَّحَى ، فَوَكَلَهَا إِلَى ذِكْرِ اللهِ تَعَالَى وَالتَّسْبِيحِ ، فَهَذِهِ ادَّعَتْ حَقًّا لِقَرَابَتِهِ . وَلَوْ كَانَ هَذَا الْخُمُسُ وَالْفَيْءُ عَلَى مَا ظَنَّ مَنْ يَقُولُ هَذَا الْقَوْلَ ، كَانَ ذَلِكَ حَيْفًا عَلَى الْمُسْلِمِينَ ، وَاعْتِزَامًا لِمَا أَفَاءَ اللهُ عَلَيْهِمْ ، وَلَمَا عُطِّلَ قَسْمُ ذَلِكَ فِيمَنْ يَدَّعِي فِيهِ بِالْقَرَابَةِ وَالنَّسَبِ وَالْوِرَاثَةِ ، وَلَدَخَلَتْ فِيهِ سُهْمَانُ الْعَصَبَةِ وَالنِّسَاءُ أُمَّهَاتُ الْأَوْلَادِ . وَيَرَى مَنْ تَفَقَّهَ فِي الدِّينِ أَنَّ ذَلِكَ غَيْرُ مُوَافِقٍ لِقَوْلِ اللهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ لِنَبِيِّهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ : { قُلْ مَا سَأَلْتُكُمْ مِنْ أَجْرٍ فَهُوَ لَكُمْ } وَ { مَا أَسْأَلُكُمْ عَلَيْهِ مِنْ أَجْرٍ وَمَا أَنَا مِنَ الْمُتَكَلِّفِينَ } وَقَوْلِ الْأَنْبِيَاءِ لِقَوْمِهِمْ مِثْلَ ذَلِكَ . وَمَا كَانَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ لِيَدَّعِيَ مَا لَيْسَ لَهُ ، وَلَا لِيَدَعَ حَظًّا وَلَا قَسْمًا لِنَفْسِهِ وَلَا لِغَيْرِهِ ، وَاخْتَارَهُ اللهُ لَهُمْ وَامْتَنَّ عَلَيْهِمْ فِيهِ ، وَلَا لِيَحْرِمَهُمْ إِيَّاهُ . وَلَقَدْ سَأَلَهُ نِسَاءُ بَنِي سَعْدِ بْنِ بَكْرٍ الْفِكَاكَ ، وَتَخْلِيَةَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ مِنْ سَبَايَاهُمْ ، بَعْدَ مَا كَانُوا فَيْئًا ، فَفَكَّكَهُمْ وَأَطْلَقَهُمْ . [3/296] وَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ وَهُوَ يَسْأَلُ مِنْ أَنْعَامِهِمْ شَجَرَةً بِرِدَائِهِ ، فَظَنَّ أَنَّهُمْ نَزَعُوهُ عَنْهُ : لَوْ كَانَ عَدَدُ شَجَرِ تِهَامَةَ نَعَمًا لَقَسَمْتُهُ بَيْنَكُمْ ، وَمَا أَنَا بِأَحَقَّ بِهِ مِنْكُمْ بِقَدْرِ وَبَرَةٍ آخُذُهَا مِنْ كَاهِلِ الْبَعِيرِ إِلَّا الْخُمُسَ ؛ فَإِنَّهُ مَرْدُودٌ فِيكُمْ . فَفِي هَذَا بَيَانُ مَوَاضِعِ الْفَيْءِ الَّتِي وَجَّهَهَا رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فِيهِ ، بِحُكْمِ اللهِ تَعَالَى ، وَعَدْلِ قَضَائِهِ . فَمَنْ رَغِبَ عَنْ هَذَا أَوْ أَلْحَدَ فِيهِ ، وَسَمَّى رَسُولَ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ بِغَيْرِ مَا سَمَّاهُ بِهِ رَبُّهُ ، كَانَ بِذَلِكَ مُفْتَرِيًا مُكَذِّبًا ، مُحَرِّفًا لِقَوْلِ اللهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ عَنْ مَوَاضِعِهِ ، مُصِرًّا بِذَلِكَ وَمَنْ تَابَعَهُ عَلَيْهِ عَلَى التَّكْذِيبِ ، وَإِلَى مَا صَارَ إِلَيْهِ ضُلَّالُ أَهْلِ الْكِتَابَيْنِ الَّذِينَ يَدَّعُونَ عَلَى أَنْبِيَائِهِمْ . قَالَ أَبُو جَعْفَرٍ : وَقَالَ آخَرُونَ : إِنَّمَا جَعَلَ اللهُ أَمْرَ الْخُمُسِ إِلَى نَبِيِّهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ لِيَضَعَهُ فِيمَنْ رَأَى وَضْعَهُ فِيهِ مِنْ قَرَابَتِهِ ، غَنِيًّا كَانَ أَوْ فَقِيرًا ، مَعَ مَنْ أَمَرَ أَنْ يُعْطِيَهُ مِنَ الْخُمُسِ سِوَاهُمْ ، مِمَّنْ تَبَيَّنَ فِي آيَةِ الْخُمُسِ ؛ وَلِذَلِكَ أَمَرَهُ فِي آيَةِ الْفَيْءِ أَيْضًا . فَلَمَّا اخْتَلَفُوا فِي هَذَا ، الِاخْتِلَافَ الَّذِي وَصَفْنَا ، وَجَبَ أَنْ نَنْظُرَ فِي ذَلِكَ ؛ لِنَسْتَخْرِجَ مِنْ أَقْوَالِهِمْ هَذِهِ قَوْلًا صَحِيحًا . فَاعْتَبَرْنَا قَوْلَ مَنْ قَالَ : إِنَّ رَسُولَ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ أَعْطَى مِنْ قَرَابَتِهِ مَنْ أَعْطَى ، مَا أَعْطَاهُ بِحَقٍّ وَاجِبٍ لَهُمْ لَمْ يَذْكُرِ اللهُ إِيَّاهُمْ فِي آيَةِ الْغَنَائِمِ ، وَفِي آيَةِ الْفَيْءِ . فَوَجَدْنَا هَذَا الْقَوْلَ فَاسِدًا ؛ لِأَنَّا رَأَيْنَاهُ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ أَعْطَى قَرَابَةً وَمَنَعَ قَرَابَةً . فَلَوْ كَانَ مَا أَضَافَهُ اللهُ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ إِلَيْهِمْ فِي آيَةِ الْغَنَائِمِ ، وَفِي آيَةِ الْفَيْءِ عَلَى طَرِيقِ الْفَرْضِ مِنْهُ لَهُمْ ، إِذًا لَمَا حَرَمَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ مِنْهُمْ أَحَدًا ، وَلَعَمَّهُمْ بِمَا جَعَلَ اللهُ لَهُمْ ، حَتَّى لَا يَكُونَ فِي شَيْءٍ مِنْ ذَلِكَ خَارِجًا عَمَّا أَمَرَهُ اللهُ بِهِ فِيهِمْ . أَلَا يَرَى أَنَّ رَجُلًا لَوْ أَوْصَى لِذِي قَرَابَةِ فُلَانٍ بِثُلُثِ مَالِهِ ، وَهُمْ يَخُصُّونَ وَيَعْرِفُونَ أَنَّ الْقَائِمَ بِوَصِيَّتِهِ لَيْسَ لَهُ وَضْعُ الثُّلُثِ فِي بَعْضِ الْقَرَابَةِ دُونَ بَقِيَّتِهِمْ ، حَتَّى يَعُمَّهُمْ جَمِيعًا بِالثُّلُثِ الَّذِي يُوصِي لَهُمْ بِهِ ، وَيُسَوِّي بَيْنَهُمْ فِيهِ ، وَإِنْ فَعَلَ فِيهِ مَا سِوَى ذَلِكَ ، كَانَ مُخَالِفًا لِمَا أَمَرَ بِهِ . وَحَاشَ لِلهِ ، أَنْ يَكُونَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فِي شَيْءٍ مِنْ فِعْلِهِ لِمَا أَمَرَهُ اللهُ بِهِ مُخَالِفًا ، وَلِحُكْمِهِ تَارِكًا . فَلَمَّا كَانَ مَا أَعْطَى مِمَّا صَرَفَهُ فِي ذَوِي قُرْبَاهُ ، لَمْ يَعُمَّ بِهِ قَرَابَتَهُ كُلَّهَا ، اسْتَحَالَ بِذَلِكَ أَنْ يَكُونَ اللهُ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ ، لِقَرَابَتِهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ مَا قَدْ مَنَعَهُمْ مِنْهُ ؛ لِأَنَّ قَرَابَتَهُ لَوْ كَانَ جُعِلَ لَهُمْ شَيْءٌ بِعَيْنِهِ كَانُوا كَذَوِي قَرَابَةِ فُلَانٍ الْمُوصِي لَهُمْ بِثُلُثِ الْمَالِ ، الَّذِي لَيْسَ لِلْوَصِيِّ مَنْعُ بَعْضِهِمْ وَلَا إِيثَارُ أَحَدِهِمْ دُونَ أَحَدٍ . فَبَطَلَ بِذَلِكَ هَذَا الْقَوْلُ . ثُمَّ اعْتَبَرْنَا قَوْلَ الَّذِينَ قَالُوا : ( لَمْ يَجِبْ لِذِي قَرَابَةِ رَسُولِ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ حَقٌّ فِي آيَةِ الْفَيْءِ ، وَلَا فِي آيَةِ الْغَنَائِمِ ، وَإِنَّمَا وَكَّدَ أَمْرَهُ بِذِكْرِ اللهِ إِيَّاهُمْ ) ، أَيْ : فَيُعْطَوْنَ لِقَرَابَتِهِمْ وَلِفَقْرِهِمْ ، وَلِحَاجَتِهِمْ . فَوَجَدْنَا هَذَا الْقَوْلَ فَاسِدًا ؛ لِأَنَّهُ لَوْ كَانَ ذَلِكَ كَمَا قَالُوا ، لَمَا أَعْطَى رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ أَغْنِيَاءَ بَنِي هَاشِمٍ ، مِنْهُمُ الْعَبَّاسُ [3/297] بْنُ عَبْدِ الْمُطَّلِبِ رِضْوَانُ اللهِ عَلَيْهِمَا ، فَقَدْ أَعْطَاهُ مَعَهُمْ ، وَكَانَ مُوسِرًا فِي الْجَاهِلِيَّةِ وَالْإِسْلَامِ ، حَتَّى لَقَدْ تَعَجَّلَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ ذِي الْقُرْبَى لَيْسَ لِلْفَقْرِ ، لَكِنْ لِمَعْنًى سِوَاهُ . وَلَوْ كَانَ لِلْفَقْرِ أَعْطَاهُمْ ، لَكَانَ مَا أَعْطَاهُمْ مَا سَبِيلُهُ سَبِيلَ الصَّدَقَةِ ، وَالصَّدَقَةُ مُحَرَّمَةٌ عَلَيْهِمْ . كذا في طبعة عالم الكتب ، ولعل الصواب : ( الزنبر )
EnglishUnverified translation
5403 - Rawh ibn al-Faraj narrated to us, he said: Yahya ibn Abdullah ibn Bukayr narrated to us, he said: Thabit ibn Ya'qub narrated to me, from Dawud ibn Sa'id ibn Abi al-Zubayr, from Malik ibn Anas, may Allah's mercy be upon him, from his uncle Abu Suhayl ibn Malik, who said: This is the letter of Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz on fay and spoil. To proceed: Allah, the Mighty and Majestic, sent down the Quran upon Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) as insights and mercy to a believing people. He legislated therein the religion, brightened thereby the path, diversified thereby speech, and clarified what is sought of what attains His pleasure, and what is avoided of His prohibitions and angers. Then He permitted His lawful which He widened, and forbade His unlawful, making it shunned and its people hated. Of what He mercifully granted this nation and widened upon them is what He permitted of spoil, extending it and not forbidding it to them, as He had tried therewith the people of prophethood and scripture before them. Of that was what the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) transferred to a private group apart from people, of what he gained of the properties of Banu Qurayzah and al-Nadir, when Allah says at that time: {Whatever Allah bestowed upon His Messenger of them, you urged over it neither horses nor camels, but Allah gives His messengers mastery over whom He wills, and Allah is over all things Powerful}. Those properties were exclusively for the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him); no fifth nor spoil share was due therein, for Allah and His Messenger to administer its affair. He chose the needy therewith, the foremost, upon what He inspires him thereof and permits him. The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) did not harm therewith, nor choose it for himself nor his relatives, nor single out any of them therewith by obligation nor shares; rather he preferred, with its widest and most, the people of truth and precedence among the Emigrants: {who were expelled from their homes and properties, seeking bounty from Allah and pleasure, and helping Allah and His Messenger; those are the truthful}. Allah apportioned groups thereof among the needy of the Helpers. The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) kept a group thereof for his emergency and right and what befalls him, missing nothing thereof, nor preferring himself therewith, nor intending anyone after him be given it; he made it a charity not inherited, with none having a coveted share therein in this world, despising it and preferring what is with Allah. This is what no horses nor camels were urged over. And of the extra grants by which Allah favored His Messenger, making none therein like what He made for him of spoil - over which those differed who differed - is Allah's saying, the Mighty and Majestic: {Whatever Allah bestowed upon His Messenger of the townspeople belongs to Allah and to the Messenger and to the near kin and orphans and the poor and the wayfarer, that it not be a circulation among the rich of you}. Then He said: {Whatever the Messenger gives you, take it; whatever he forbids you, refrain; fear Allah, Allah is severe in punishment}. As for His saying belongs to Allah: Allah, blessed and exalted, is free of the world, its people and all therein, and all that is His; but He says: place it in His path which He commanded. His saying and to the Messenger: the Messenger had no share in spoil except like the share of the generality of Muslims; but He says: to the Messenger belong its division, acting therewith and judgment therein. As for His saying and to the near kin: ignorants among people thought the kin of Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) have an imposed share of spoil, cut off from them and not given them. Had it been so, He would have clarified it as He clarified the obligations of inheritances: the half, quarter, sixth and eighth; nor would richness with one of them or poverty reduce their share thereof, as that does not cut the heirs' share of their portions. Rather the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) granted them therein something of spoil: estates, captives, livestock, goods and cash. But there was in none of that a known obligation nor a precedent followed, until Allah took His Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), except that he apportioned among them a portion on the day of Khaybar, not including thereby all of them that day, nor singling out a near one to the exclusion of another needier. He gave that day one with no kinship, when they complained to him of need, and of what was from them beside him of their people, and what reached their allies thereof; he did not prefer them over them for their kinship. Had the near kin a right, as those thought, his maternal uncles would be kin, and his father's and grandfather's maternal uncles, and everyone touching him by a womb; for that is all kinship. As had that been as they thought, Abu Bakr and Umar, may Allah be pleased with them both, would have given them it after fay widened and multiplied. And Abu al-Hasan - meaning Ali, may Allah be pleased with him - when he ruled what he ruled, with none objecting to him therein, would he not have taught them thereof a matter to act upon therein, known after him. Had that been as they claimed, Allah the Exalted would not have said: {that it not be a circulation among the rich of you}, for among the kin of the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) were those rich and in ease when the Quran descended and after that. Had that share been valid for him and them, it would have been a circulation; indeed it would have been an inheritance to his kin, none ever allowed to cut or break it. Rather He says: to the near kin, by their right and kinship in need. The binding right is like the Muslims' right, in poverty and need; when rich, no right for him. The orphan in his orphanhood - even if the orphan inherited from his heir, no right for him. The wayfarer in his travel and state - even if of great wealth, eased upon - no right for him therein; that right is returned to the needy. Allah sent those He sent, and mentioned the near orphan and the dusty poor; all of them thus. Neither the Prophet of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) nor the righteous predecessors would leave a right Allah, the Mighty and Majestic, imposed for the kin of the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), and stand for them with Allah's right therein, as He said: {Establish prayer and give zakah}, and the rulings of the Quran. They carried out thereupon gifts of gifts placed in people's fays; some given of those gifts are not upon Islam, yet they carried that out for them. Whoever claims other than this is a forger speaking upon Allah, the Mighty and Majestic, His Messenger and the righteous believers, of those who followed other than truth. As for the saying of one who says on the fifth: Allah, the Mighty and Majestic, imposed known obligations wherein is the right of whom He named - then the fifth in this matter is like spoil. Allah gave His Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) captives; he took people thereof and left his daughter, though she had shown him her hands from the millstone's place; he entrusted her to Allah's remembrance and glorification. She claimed a right for his kinship. Had this fifth and fay been as the proponent of this saying thinks, it would have been injustice upon the Muslims and appropriation of what Allah bestowed upon them; division thereof would not have been suspended among claimants by kinship, lineage and inheritance; shares of male kin and slave-mothers would have entered therein. One versed in religion sees that not agreeing with Allah's saying, the Mighty and Majestic, to His Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him): {Say: Whatever wage I asked you is yours}, and {I ask you no wage for it, nor am I of the pretenders}, and the prophets' saying to their peoples like that. The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) would neither claim what is not his, nor leave a share nor portion for himself nor another; Allah chose it for them and favored them therein, nor would deprive them of it. The women of Banu Sa'd ibn Bakr asked him ransom and the Muslims' freeing of their captives, after they had been fay; he ransomed and released them. The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said while asking of their cattle a tree with his cloak, thinking they pulled it from him: Had the number of Tihamah's trees been livestock, I would have divided it among you; I am no more entitled to it than you by a hair taken from a camel's hump, except the fifth, for it is returned among you. In this is clarification of the fay places the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) directed therein, by Allah's ruling and just decree. Whoever turns from this or deviates therein, naming the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) by other than what his Lord named him, is thereby a forger, liar, distorting Allah's saying, the Mighty and Majestic, from its places, persisting thereon - and whoever follows him thereon - in denial, to what the misguided of the two scriptures became who claim upon their prophets. Abu Ja'far said: Others said: Allah only made the fifth's affair to His Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) to place it among his kin he deems, rich or poor, with whom He commanded he give of the fifth besides them shown in the fifth's verse; therefore He commanded him in the fay verse too. When they differed therein this difference we described, we had to look therein to extract a sound saying from these sayings. We considered the saying of one who said: The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) gave of his kin whom he gave, giving by an obligatory right for them - though Allah did not mention them in the spoils verse nor the fay verse. We found this saying corrupt, for we saw him (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) give kin and withhold kin. Had what Allah, the Mighty and Majestic, attributed to them in the spoils verse and fay verse been by way of obligation for them, the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) would not have deprived any of them; he would have included them all with what Allah made for them, not being in anything thereof outside what Allah commanded him therein. Do you not see that had a man bequeathed to the kin of so-and-so a third of his property, specified and known, the executor of his will may not place the third in some kin to the exclusion of the rest until he includes them all with the third he bequeaths them, equalizing among them therein; if he does otherwise therein, he opposes what he was commanded. Far be it from Allah that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) be in anything of his act toward what Allah commanded him opposing, abandoning His ruling. Since what he gave of what he spent among his near kin did not include all his kin, it is impossible thereby that Allah, the Mighty and Majestic, made for his kin (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) what He withheld from them; for had a specific thing been made for his kin, they would have been like the kin of so-and-so bequeathed a third of property, whose executor may neither withhold some nor favor one over one. Thereby this saying is void. Then we considered the saying of those who said: No right became due to the kin of the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) in the fay verse nor the spoils verse; rather He stressed his affair by Allah mentioning them - i.e. they are given for their kinship, poverty and need. We found this saying corrupt, for had that been as they said, the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) would not have given the rich of Banu Hashim - among them al-Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib, may Allah's pleasure be upon them both; he gave him with them, though wealthy in pre-Islam and Islam, until the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) hastened from him ... The near kin's share is not for poverty, but for another meaning. Had he given them for poverty, what he gave them would have been of the way of charity, and charity is forbidden them.
