4996 - فَإِذَا أَبُو بَكْرَةَ وَإِبْرَاهِيمُ بْنُ مَرْزُوقٍ قَدْ حَدَّثَانَا ، قَالَا : ثَنَا عَبْدُ اللهِ بْنُ بَكْرٍ السَّهْمِيُّ . ( ح ) . وَحَدَّثَنَا إِبْرَاهِيمُ بْنُ مَرْزُوقٍ ، قَالَ : ثَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللهِ الْأَنْصَارِيُّ ، قَالَا : ثَنَا حُمَيْدٌ الطَّوِيلُ ، عَنْ أَنَسِ بْنِ مَالِكِ بْنِ النَّضْرِ ، أَنَّ عَمَّتَهُ الرُّبَيِّعَ لَطَمَتْ جَارِيَةً فَكَسَرَتْ ثَنِيَّتَهَا ، فَطَلَبُوا إِلَيْهِمُ الْعَفْوَ فَأَبَوْا ، وَالْأَرْشَ فَأَبَوْا إِلَّا الْقِصَاصَ . [3/177] فَاخْتَصَمُوا إِلَى رَسُولِ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فَأَمَرَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ بِالْقِصَاصِ . فَقَالَ أَنَسُ بْنُ النَّضْرِ : يَا رَسُولَ اللهِ ، أَتُكْسَرُ ثَنِيَّةُ الرُّبَيِّعِ ، لَا وَالَّذِي بَعَثَكَ بِالْحَقِّ لَا تُكْسَرُ ثَنِيَّتُهَا . فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ : يَا أَنَسُ ، كِتَابُ اللهِ الْقِصَاصُ . فَرَضِيَ الْقَوْمُ ، فَعَفَوْا . وَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ : إِنَّ مِنْ عِبَادِ اللهِ مَنْ لَوْ أَقْسَمَ عَلَى اللهِ لَأَبَرَّهُ . يَزِيدُ بَعْضُهُمْ عَلَى بَعْضٍ . فَلَمَّا كَانَ الْحُكْمُ الَّذِي حَكَمَ بِهِ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ عَلَى الرُّبَيِّعِ لِلْمَنْزُوعَةِ ثَنِيَّتُهَا هُوَ الْقِصَاصُ ، وَلَمْ يُخَيِّرْهَا بَيْنَ الْقِصَاصِ وَأَخْذِ الدِّيَةِ ، وَهَاجَ أَنَسُ بْنُ النَّضْرِ حِينَ أَبَى ذَلِكَ ، فَقَالَ : يَا أَنَسُ ، كِتَابُ اللهِ الْقِصَاصُ ، فَعَفَا الْقَوْمُ ، فَلَمْ يَقْضِ لَهُمْ بِالدِّيَةِ . ثَبَتَ بِذَلِكَ أَنَّ الَّذِي يَجِبُ بِكِتَابِ اللهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ وَسُنَّةِ رَسُولِهِ فِي الْعَمْدِ هُوَ الْقِصَاصُ ؛ لِأَنَّهُ لَوْ كَانَ يَجِبُ لِلْمَجْنِيِّ عَلَيْهِ الْخِيَارُ بَيْنَ الْقِصَاصِ وَبَيْنَ الْعَفْوِ مِمَّا يَأْخُذُ بِهِ الْجَانِي إِذًا لَخَيَّرَهَا رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ ، وَلَأَعْلَمَهَا مَا لَهَا أَنْ تَخْتَارَهُ مِنْ ذَلِكَ . أَلَا تَرَى أَنَّ حَاكِمًا لَوْ تَقَدَّمَ إِلَيْهِ رَجُلٌ فِي شَيْءٍ ، يَجِبُ لَهُ فِيهِ أَحَدُ شَيْئَيْنِ ، فَثَبَتَ عِنْدَهُ حَقُّهُ ، أَنَّهُ لَا يَحْكُمُ لَهُ بِأَحَدِ الشَّيْئَيْنِ دُونَ الْآخَرِ ، وَإِنَّمَا يَحْكُمُ لَهُ بِأَنْ يَخْتَارَ مَا أَحَبَّ مِنْ كَذَا وَمِنْ كَذَا ، فَإِنْ تَعَدَّى ذَلِكَ فَقَدْ قَصُرَ عَنْ فَهْمِ الْحُكْمِ ، وَرَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ أَحْكَمُ الْحُكَمَاءِ . فَلَمَّا حَكَمَ بِالْقِصَاصِ وَأَخْبَرَ أَنَّهُ كِتَابُ اللهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ ثَبَتَ بِذَلِكَ أَنَّ الَّذِي فِي مِثْلِ ذَلِكَ هُوَ الْقِصَاصُ لَا غَيْرُهُ . فَلَمَّا ثَبَتَ هَذَا الْحَدِيثُ عَلَى مَا ذَكَرْنَا وَجَبَ أَنْ يُعْطَفَ عَلَيْهِ حَدِيثُ أَبِي شُرَيْحٍ وَأَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُمَا . فَيُجْعَلَ قَوْلُ رَسُولِ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فِيهِمَا : فَهُوَ بِالْخِيَارِ بَيْنَ أَنْ يَعْفُوَ ، أَوْ بَيْنَ أَنْ يَقْتَصَّ ، أَوْ يَأْخُذَ الدِّيَةَ عَلَى الرِّضَاءِ مِنَ الْجَانِي بِغُرْمِ الدِّيَةِ ، حَتَّى تَتَّفِقَ مَعَانِي هَذَيْنِ الْحَدِيثَيْنِ ، وَمَعْنَى حَدِيثِ أَنَسٍ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ . فَإِنْ قَالَ قَائِلٌ : فَإِنَّ النَّظَرَ يَدُلُّ عَلَى مَا قَالَ أَهْلُ الْمَقَالَةِ الْأُولَى ، وَذَلِكَ أَنَّ عَلَى النَّاسِ أَنْ يَسْتَحْيُوا أَنْفُسَهُمْ . فَإِذَا قَالَ الَّذِي لَهُ سَفْكُ الدَّمِ : ( قَدْ رَضِيتُ بِأَخْذِ الدِّيَةِ ، وَتَرْكِ سَفْكِ الدَّمِ ) وَجَبَ عَلَى الْقَاتِلِ اسْتِحْيَاءُ نَفْسِهِ ، فَإِذَا وَجَبَ ذَلِكَ عَلَيْهِ أُخِذَ مِنْ مَالِهِ وَإِنْ كَرِهَ . فَالْحُجَّةُ عَلَيْهِ فِي ذَلِكَ أَنَّ عَلَى النَّاسِ اسْتِحْيَاءَ أَنْفُسِهِمْ كَمَا ذَكَرْتُ بِالدِّيَةِ ، وَبِمَا جَاوَزَ الدِّيَةَ ، وَجَمِيعَ مَا يَمْلِكُونَ . وَقَدْ رَأَيْنَاهُمْ أَجْمَعُوا أَنَّ الْوَلِيَّ لَوْ قَالَ لِلْقَاتِلِ : ( قَدْ رَضِيتُ أَنْ آخُذَ دَارَكَ هَذِهِ عَلَى أَنْ لَا أَقْتُلَكَ ) أَنَّ الْوَاجِبَ [3/178] عَلَى الْقَاتِلِ فِيمَا بَيْنَهُ وَبَيْنَ اللهِ تَسْلِيمُ ذَلِكَ لَهُ وَحَقْنُ دَمِ نَفْسِهِ ، فَإِنْ أَبَى لَمْ يُجْبَرْ عَلَيْهِ بِاتِّفَاقِهِمْ عَلَى ذَلِكَ ، وَلَمْ يُؤْخَذْ مِنْهُ ذَلِكَ كُرْهًا ، فَيُدْفَعُ إِلَى الْوَلِيِّ . فَكَذَلِكَ الدِّيَةُ إِذَا طَلَبَهَا الْوَلِيُّ ؛ فَإِنَّهُ يَجِبُ عَلَى الْقَاتِلِ فِيمَا بَيْنَهُ وَبَيْنَ رَبِّهِ أَنْ يَسْتَحِييَ نَفْسَهُ بِهَا ، وَإِنْ أَبَى ذَلِكَ لَمْ يُجْبَرْ عَلَيْهِ ، وَلَمْ يُؤْخَذْ مِنْهُ كُرْهًا . ثُمَّ رَجَعْنَا إِلَى أَهْلِ الْمَقَالَةِ الْأُولَى فِي قَوْلِهِمْ : ( إِنَّ لِلْوَلِيِّ أَنْ يَأْخُذَ الدِّيَةَ وَإِنْ كَرِهَ ذَلِكَ الْجَانِي ) . فَنَقُولُ لَهُمْ : لَيْسَ يَخْلُو ذَلِكَ مِنْ أَحَدِ وُجُوهٍ ثَلَاثَةٍ : إِمَّا أَنْ يَكُونَ ذَلِكَ ؛ لِأَنَّ الَّذِي لَهُ عَلَى الْقَاتِلِ هُوَ الْقِصَاصُ وَالدِّيَةُ جَمِيعًا ، فَإِذَا عَفَا عَنِ الْقِصَاصِ فَأَبْطَلَهُ بِعَفْوِهِ ، كَانَ لَهُ أَخْذُ الدِّيَةِ . وَإِمَّا أَنْ يَكُونَ الَّذِي وَجَبَ لَهُ هُوَ الْقِصَاصُ خَاصَّةً ، وَلَهُ أَنْ يَأْخُذَ الدِّيَةَ بَدَلًا مِنْ ذَلِكَ الْقِصَاصِ . وَإِمَّا أَنْ يَكُونَ الَّذِي وَجَبَ لَهُ هُوَ أَحَدُ أَمْرَيْنِ ، إِمَّا الْقِصَاصُ ، وَإِمَّا الدِّيَةُ ، يَخْتَارُ مِنْ ذَلِكَ مَا شَاءَ ، لَيْسَ يَخْلُو ذَلِكَ مِنْ أَحَدِ هَذِهِ الثَّلَاثَةِ الْوُجُوهِ . فَإِنْ قُلْتُمُ : الَّذِي وَجَبَ لَهُ هُوَ الْقِصَاصُ وَالدِّيَةُ جَمِيعًا ، فَهَذَا فَاسِدٌ ؛ لِأَنَّ اللهَ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ لَمْ يُوجِبْ عَلَى أَحَدٍ فَعَلَ فِعْلًا أَكْثَرَ مِمَّا فَعَلَ ، فَقَدْ قَالَ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ : { وَكَتَبْنَا عَلَيْهِمْ فِيهَا أَنَّ النَّفْسَ بِالنَّفْسِ وَالْعَيْنَ بِالْعَيْنِ وَالأَنْفَ بِالأَنْفِ وَالأُذُنَ بِالأُذُنِ وَالسِّنَّ بِالسِّنِّ وَالْجُرُوحَ قِصَاصٌ } . فَلَمْ يُوجِبِ اللهُ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ عَلَى أَحَدٍ بِفِعْلٍ يَفْعَلُهُ أَكْثَرَ مِمَّا فَعَلَ ، وَلَوْ كَانَ ذَلِكَ كَذَلِكَ لَوَجَبَ أَنْ يُقْتَلَ ، وَيَأْخُذَ الدِّيَةَ . فَلَمَّا لَمْ يَكُنْ لَهُ بَعْدَ قَتْلِهِ أَخَذُ الدِّيَةِ دَلَّ ذَلِكَ عَلَى أَنَّ الَّذِي كَانَ وَجَبَ لَهُ خِلَافُ مَا قُلْتُمْ . وَإِنْ قُلْتُمْ : إِنَّ الَّذِي وَجَبَ لَهُ هُوَ الْقِصَاصُ ، وَلَكِنْ لَهُ أَنْ يَأْخُذَ الدِّيَةَ بَدَلًا مِنْ ذَلِكَ الْقِصَاصِ ، فَإِنَّا لَا نَجِدُ حَقًّا لِرَجُلٍ يَكُونُ لَهُ أَنْ يَأْخُذَ بِهِ بَدَلًا بِغَيْرِ رِضَاءِ مَنْ عَلَيْهِ ذَلِكَ الْحَقُّ ، فَبَطَلَ هَذَا الْمَعْنَى أَيْضًا . وَإِنْ قُلْتُمْ : إِنَّ الَّذِي وَجَبَ لَهُ أَحَدُ أَمْرَيْنِ : إِمَّا الْقِصَاصُ ، وَإِمَّا الدِّيَةُ ، يَأْخُذُ مِنْهُمَا مَا أَحَبَّ ، وَلَمْ يَجِبْ لَهُ أَنْ يَأْخُذَ وَاحِدًا مِنْهُمَا دُونَ الْآخَرِ . فَإِنَّهُ يَنْبَغِي إِذَا عَفَا عَنْ أَحَدِهِمَا بِعَيْنِهِ أَنْ لَا يَجُوزَ عَفْوُهُ ؛ لِأَنَّ حَقَّهُ لَمْ يَكُنْ هُوَ الْمَعْفُوَّ عَنْهُ بِعَيْنِهِ ، فَيَكُونُ لَهُ إِبْطَالُهُ إِنَّمَا كَانَ لَهُ أَنْ يَخْتَارَهُ فَيَكُونُ هُوَ حَقَّهُ ، أَوْ يَخْتَارُ غَيْرَهُ فَيَكُونُ هُوَ حَقَّهُ ، فَإِذَا عَفَا عَنْ أَحَدِهِمَا قَبْلَ اخْتِيَارِهِ إِيَّاهُ ، وَقَبْلَ وُجُوبِهِ لَهُ بِعَيْنِهِ فَعَفْوُهُ بَاطِلٌ . أَلَا تَرَى أَنَّ رَجُلًا لَوْ جُرِحَ أَبُوهُ عَمْدًا فَعَفَا عَنْ جَارِحِ أَبِيهِ ، ثُمَّ مَاتَ أَبُوهُ مِنْ تِلْكَ الْجِرَاحَةِ ، وَلَا وَارِثَ لَهُ غَيْرُهُ أَنَّ عَفْوَهُ بَاطِلٌ ؛ لِأَنَّهُ إِنَّمَا عَفَا قَبْلَ وُجُوبِ الْمَعْفُوِّ عَنْهُ لَهُ . فَلَمَّا كَانَ مَا ذَكَرْنَا كَذَلِكَ ، وَكَانَ الْعَفْوُ مِنَ الْقَاتِلِ قَبْلَ اخْتِيَارِهِ الْقِصَاصَ أَوِ الدِّيَةَ جَائِزًا ثَبَتَ بِذَلِكَ [3/179] أَنَّ الْقِصَاصَ قَدْ كَانَ وَجَبَ لَهُ بِعَيْنِهِ قَبْلَ عَفْوِهِ عَنْهُ ، وَلَوْلَا وُجُوبُهُ لَهُ إِذًا لَمَا كَانَ لَهُ إِبْطَالُهُ بِعَفْوِهِ ، كَمَا لَمْ يَجُزْ عَفْوُ الِابْنِ عَنْ دَمِ أَبِيهِ قَبْلَ وُجُوبِهِ لَهُ . فَفِي ثُبُوتِ مَا ذَكَرْنَا وَانْتِفَاءِ هَذِهِ الْوُجُوهِ الَّتِي وَصَفْنَا مَا يَدُلُّ أَنَّ الْوَاجِبَ عَلَى الْقَاتِلِ عَمْدًا أَوِ الْجَارِحِ عَمْدًا هُوَ الْقِصَاصُ لَا غَيْرَ ذَلِكَ مِنْ دِيَةٍ وَغَيْرِهَا ، إِلَّا أَنْ يَصْلُحَ هُوَ إِنْ كَانَ حَيًّا ، أَوْ وَارِثُهُ إِنْ كَانَ مَيْتًا ، وَالَّذِي وَجَبَ ذَلِكَ عَلَيْهِ عَلَى شَيْءٍ ، فَيَكُونُ الصُّلْحُ جَائِزًا عَلَى مَا اصْطَلَحَا عَلَيْهِ مِنْ دِيَةٍ أَوْ غَيْرِهَا . وَهَذَا قَوْلُ أَبِي حَنِيفَةَ وَأَبِي يُوسُفَ وَمُحَمَّدٍ رَحْمَةُ اللهِ عَلَيْهِمْ أَجْمَعِينَ .
EnglishUnverified translation
4996 - Abu Bakra and Ibrahim ibn Marzuq narrated to us, saying: Abdullah ibn Bakr al-Sahmi narrated to us. And Ibrahim ibn Marzuq narrated to us, saying: Muhammad ibn Abdullah al-Ansari narrated to us, saying: Humayd al-Tawil narrated to us, from Anas ibn Malik ibn al-Nadr, that his aunt al-Rubayyi slapped a slave girl and broke her front tooth. They sought pardon from them and they refused, and compensation and they refused, except retaliation. They disputed before the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), so the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) ordered retaliation. Anas ibn al-Nadr said: O Messenger of Allah, shall the front tooth of al-Rubayyi be broken? No, by Him who sent you with truth, her front tooth shall not be broken. The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said: O Anas, the Book of Allah is retaliation. The people were satisfied and pardoned. The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said: Among Allah's servants are those who, if they swear by Allah, He fulfills it - some adding upon others. Since the ruling the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) judged against al-Rubayyi for the one whose tooth was removed was retaliation, without giving her choice between retaliation and taking blood-money, and Anas ibn al-Nadr was stirred when he refused that, saying: O Anas, the Book of Allah is retaliation - then the people pardoned, and he did not judge blood-money for them. Thus it is established that what is due by Allah Almighty's Book and His Messenger's Sunna in intentional injury is retaliation; for if the injured one had choice between retaliation and pardoning for what the offender pays, the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) would have given her choice and informed her what she might choose. Do you not see that if a judge is approached by a man regarding something in which one of two things is due to him, and his right is established before him, he does not judge for him one of the two things apart from the other, but judges that he choose what he likes of this and that; if he exceeds that he falls short of understanding the ruling - and the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) is the wisest of judges. Since he judged retaliation and informed it is Allah Almighty's Book, it is established that in the like thereof is retaliation and nothing else. Since this hadith is established as we mentioned, the hadith of Abu Shurayh and Abu Hurayra, may Allah be pleased with them, must be inclined to it, making the saying of the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) therein: He has the choice between pardoning, or retaliating, or taking blood-money, refer to the offender's consent to pay blood-money, so the meanings of these two hadiths agree with the meaning of the hadith of Anas, may Allah be pleased with him. If one says: Reflection supports what the holders of the first saying said, namely people must preserve their lives; so when the one entitled to shed blood says: I am content taking blood-money and leaving bloodshed - the killer must preserve his life, and when that becomes due upon him it is taken from his wealth though he hates it. The proof against him is that people preserving their lives, as mentioned, is by blood-money, by more than blood-money, and by all they own. We saw them agree that if the guardian said to the killer: I am content to take this house of yours on condition I do not kill you - then what is due upon the killer between him and Allah is to surrender it to him and spare his own blood; yet if he refuses he is not compelled to it, by their agreement on that, nor is it taken from him by force and paid to the guardian. Likewise blood-money when the guardian seeks it: the killer must between him and his Lord preserve his life by it, yet refusing he is not compelled nor taken by force. Then we returned to the holders of the first saying in their saying: the guardian may take blood-money though the offender hates it. We say to them: That is one of three possibilities: either what he has upon the killer is retaliation and blood-money together, so pardoning retaliation he may take blood-money; or what became due is retaliation specifically, with right to take blood-money as substitute; or what became due is one of two things, retaliation or blood-money, choosing what he wills - it is one of these three, no more. If you say both together, that is corrupt, for Allah Almighty never required of one who did an act more than he did; He Almighty said: We prescribed for them therein: a soul for a soul, an eye for an eye, a nose for a nose, an ear for an ear, a tooth for a tooth, and wounds in retaliation. Had it been so he would be killed and blood-money taken; since after his killing no blood-money is taken, what became due differs from your claim. If you say retaliation became due but he may take blood-money as substitute, we find no right of a man to take its substitute without consent of who owes it - so this too falls. If you say one of two, retaliation or blood-money, taking whichever he likes, neither due apart from the other - then his pardoning one specifically should be invalid, for his right was not the pardoned thing specifically to void it; he might only choose it to become his right, or choose the other to become his right. Pardoning one before choosing it specifically, before it became due to him specifically, his pardon is void. Do you not see that if a man's father were intentionally wounded and he pardoned his father's wounder, then his father died of those wounds with no heir but him - his pardon is void, for he pardoned before the pardoned became due to him. Since pardoning before the killer chooses retaliation or blood-money is valid, it is established retaliation had become due to him specifically before his pardoning it; otherwise he could not void it by pardoning, as the son's pardoning his father's blood before it became due was invalid. In establishing what we mentioned and negating these aspects is proof that what is due upon the intentional killer or wounder is retaliation and nothing else of blood-money or otherwise - unless he, if alive, or his heir if dead, settles with who owes it upon something; settlement valid upon what they settle of blood-money or otherwise. This is the saying of Abu Hanifa, Abu Yusuf and Muhammad, may the mercy of Allah be upon them all.