1645 - حَدَّثَنَا رَبِيعٌ الْمُؤَذِّنُ ، قَالَ : ثَنَا يَحْيَى بْنُ حَسَّانَ ، قَالَ : ثَنَا وُهَيْبُ بْنُ خَالِدٍ ، عَنْ مَنْصُورِ بْنِ الْمُعْتَمِرِ ، عَنْ إِبْرَاهِيمَ ، عَنْ عَلْقَمَةَ ، عَنْ عَبْدِ اللهِ ، عَنْ رَسُولِ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ بِذَلِكَ . فَفِي هَذَا الْحَدِيثِ أَنَّهُ أَدْخَلَ فِي الصَّلَاةِ رَكْعَةً مِنْ غَيْرِهَا قَبْلَ السَّلَامِ ، وَلَمْ يَرَ ذَلِكَ مُفْسِدًا لِلصَّلَاةِ ، وَلَوْ رَآهُ مُفْسِدًا لَهَا إِذًا لَأَعَادَهَا ، فَلَمَّا لَمْ يُعِدْهَا ، وَقَدْ خَرَجَ مِنْهَا إِلَى الْخَامِسَةِ ، لَا بِتَسْلِيمٍ ، دَلَّ ذَلِكَ أَنَّ السَّلَامَ لَيْسَ مِنْ صُلْبِهَا . أَلَا تَرَى أَنَّهُ لَوْ كَانَ جَاءَ بِالْخَامِسَةِ ، وَقَدْ بَقِيَ عَلَيْهِ مِمَّا قَبْلَهَا سَجْدَةٌ ، كَانَ ذَلِكَ مُفْسِدًا لِلْأَرْبَعِ ، لِأَنَّهُ خَلَطَهُنَّ بِمَا لَيْسَ مِنْهُنَّ ، فَلَوْ كَانَ السَّلَامُ وَاجِبًا كَوُجُوبِ سُجُودِ الصَّلَاةِ ، لَكَانَ حُكْمُهُ أَيْضًا كَذَلِكَ ، وَلَكِنَّهُ بِخِلَافِهِ فَهُوَ سُنَّةٌ . وَقَدْ رُوِيَ أَيْضًا فِي حَدِيثِ أَبِي سَعِيدٍ الْخُدْرِيِّ أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ قَالَ : إِذَا صَلَّى أَحَدُكُمْ فَلَمْ يَدْرِ أَثَلَاثًا صَلَّى أَمْ أَرْبَعًا فَلْيَبْنِ عَلَى الْيَقِينِ وَيَدَعِ الشَّكَّ ، فَإِنْ كَانَتْ صَلَاتُهُ نَقَصَتْ فَقَدْ أَتَمَّهَا ، وَكَانَتِ السَّجْدَتَانِ تُرْغِمَانِ الشَّيْطَانَ ، وَإِنْ كَانَتْ صَلَاتُهُ تَامَّةً ، كَانَ مَا زَادَ وَالسَّجْدَتَانِ لَهُ نَافِلَةً . فَقَدْ جَعَلَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ الْخَامِسَةَ الزَّائِدَةَ وَالسَّجْدَتَيْنِ اللَّتَيْنِ لِلسَّهْوِ تَطَوُّعًا ، وَلَمْ يَجْعَلْ مَا تَقَدَّمَ مِنَ الصَّلَاةِ بِذَلِكَ [1/276] فَاسِدًا وَإِنْ كَانَ الْمُصَلِّي قَدْ خَرَجَ مِنْهَا إِلَيْهِ ، فَثَبَتَ بِذَلِكَ أَنَّ الصَّلَاةَ تَتِمُّ بِغَيْرِ تَسْلِيمٍ وَأَنَّ التَّسْلِيمَ مِنْ سُنَنِهَا لَا مِنْ صُلْبِهَا . فَكَانَ تَصْحِيحُ مَعَانِي الْآثَارِ فِي هَذَا الْبَابِ يُوجِبُ مَا ذَهَبَ إِلَيْهِ الَّذِينَ قَالُوا : لَا تَتِمُّ الصَّلَاةُ حَتَّى يَقْعُدَ مِقْدَارَ التَّشَهُّدِ ؛ لِأَنَّ حَدِيثَ عَلِيٍّ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ عَنِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ قَدِ احْتَمَلَ مَا ذَكَرْنَا ، وَاخْتُلِفَ فِي حَدِيثِ عَبْدِ اللهِ بْنِ عَمْرٍو عَنِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ عَلَى مَا وَصَفْنَا ، وَأَمَّا حَدِيثُ ابْنِ مَسْعُودٍ فَهُوَ الَّذِي لَمْ يُخْتَلَفْ فِيهِ . وَأَمَّا وَجْهُ ذَلِكَ مِنْ طَرِيقِ النَّظَرِ ، فَإِنَّ الَّذِينَ قَالُوا : إِنَّهُ إِذَا رَفَعَ رَأْسَهُ مِنْ آخِرِ سَجْدَةٍ مِنْ صَلَاتِهِ ، فَقَدْ تَمَّتْ صَلَاتُهُ . قَالُوا : رَأَيْنَا هَذَا الْقُعُودَ قُعُودَ التَّشَهُّدِ وَفِيهِ ذِكْرٌ يُتَشَهَّدُ بِهِ وَتَسْلِيمٌ يُخْرَجُ بِهِ مِنَ الصَّلَاةِ ، وَقَدْ رَأَيْنَا قَبْلَهُ فِي الصَّلَاةِ قُعُودًا فِيهِ ذِكْرٌ يُتَشَهَّدُ بِهِ . فَكُلٌّ قَدْ أَجْمَعَ أَنَّ ذَلِكَ الْقُعُودَ الْأَوَّلَ وَمَا فِيهِ مِنَ الذِّكْرِ ، لَيْسَ هُوَ مِنْ صُلْبِ الصَّلَاةِ ، بَلْ هُوَ مِنْ سُنَنِهَا . وَاخْتُلِفَ فِي الْقُعُودِ الْأَخِيرِ فَالنَّظَرُ عَلَى مَا ذَكَرْنَا أَنْ يَكُونَ كَالْقُعُودِ الْأَوَّلِ ، وَيَكُونُ مَا فِيهِ كَمَا فِي الْقُعُودِ الْأَوَّلِ ، فَيَكُونُ سُنَّةً ، وَكُلُّ مَا يُفْعَلُ فِيهِ سُنَّةً كَمَا كَانَ الْقُعُودُ الْأَوَّلُ سُنَّةً وَكُلُّ مَا يُفْعَلُ فِيهِ سُنَّةً ، وَقَدْ رَأَيْنَا الْقِيَامَ الَّذِي فِي كُلِّ الصَّلَاةِ وَالرُّكُوعَ وَالسُّجُودَ الَّذِي فِيهَا أَيْضًا كُلَّهُ كَذَلِكَ ، فَالنَّظَرُ عَلَى مَا ذَكَرْنَا أَنْ يَكُونَ الْقُعُودُ فِيهَا أَيْضًا كُلُّهُ كَذَلِكَ . فَلَمَّا كَانَ بَعْضُهُ بِاتِّفَاقِهِمْ سُنَّةً كَانَ مَا بَقِيَ مِنْهُ كَذَلِكَ أَيْضًا فِي النَّظَرِ . وَاحْتَجَّ عَلَيْهِمُ الْآخَرُونَ فَقَالُوا : قَدْ رَأَيْنَا الْقُعُودَ الْأَوَّلَ مَنْ قَامَ عَنْهُ سَاهِيًا فَاسْتَتَمَّ قَائِمًا أُمِرَ بِالْمُضِيِّ فِي قِيَامِهِ وَلَمْ يُؤْمَرْ بِالرُّجُوعِ إِلَى الْقُعُودِ ، وَقَدْ رَأَيْنَا مَنْ قَامَ مِنَ الْقُعُودِ الْأَخِرِ سَاهِيًا حَتَّى اسْتَتَمَّ قَائِمًا أُمِرَ بِالرُّجُوعِ إِلَى قُعُودِهِ . قَالُوا : فَمَا يُؤْمَرُ بِالرُّجُوعِ إِلَيْهِ بَعْدَ الْقِيَامِ عَنْهُ فَهُوَ الْفَرْضُ ، وَمَا لَا يُؤْمَرُ بِالرُّجُوعِ إِلَيْهِ بَعْدَ الْقِيَامِ عَنْهُ ، فَلَيْسَ ذَلِكَ بِفَرْضٍ . أَلَا تَرَى أَنَّ مَنْ قَامَ وَعَلَيْهِ سَجْدَةٌ مِنْ صَلَاتِهِ حَتَّى اسْتَتَمَّ قَائِمًا أُمِرَ بِالرُّجُوعِ إِلَى مَا قَامَ عَنْهُ ؛ لِأَنَّهُ قَامَ فَتَرَكَ فَرْضًا فَأُمِرَ بِالْعَوْدِ إِلَيْهِ ، وَكَذَلِكَ الْقُعُودُ الْأَخِيرُ ، لَمَّا أُمِرَ الَّذِي قَامَ عَنْهُ بِالرُّجُوعِ إِلَيْهِ كَانَ ذَلِكَ دَلِيلًا أَنَّهُ فَرْضٌ ، وَلَوْ كَانَ غَيْرَ فَرْضٍ إِذًا لَمَا أُمِرَ بِالرُّجُوعِ إِلَيْهِ كَمَا لَمْ يُؤْمَرْ بِالرُّجُوعِ إِلَى الْقُعُودِ الْأَوَّلِ . فَكَانَ مِنَ الْحُجَّةِ عَلَيْهِمْ لِلْآخَرِينَ أَنَّهُ إِنَّمَا أُمِرَ الَّذِي قَامَ مِنَ الْقُعُودِ الْأَوَّلِ حَتَّى اسْتَتَمَّ قَائِمًا بِالْمُضِيِّ فِي قِيَامِهِ ، وَأَنْ لَا يَرْجِعَ إِلَى قُعُودِهِ ؛ لِأَنَّهُ قَامَ مِنْ قُعُودٍ غَيْرِ فَرْضٍ فَدَخَلَ فِي قِيَامٍ فَرْضٍ فَلَمْ يُؤْمَرْ بِتَرْكِ الْفَرْضِ وَالرُّجُوعِ إِلَى غَيْرِ الْفَرْضِ وَأُمِرَ بِالتَّمَادِي عَلَى الْفَرْضِ حَتَّى يُتِمَّهُ . فَكَانَ لَوْ قَامَ عَنِ الْقُعُودِ الْأَوَّلِ فَلَمْ يَسْتَتِمَّ قَائِمًا أُمِرَ بِالْعَوْدِ إِلَى الْقُعُودِ ؛ لِأَنَّهُ مَا لَمْ يَسْتَتِمَّ قَائِمًا فَلَمْ يَدْخُلْ فِي فَرْضٍ ، فَأُمِرَ بِالْعَوْدِ مِمَّا لَيْسَ بِسُنَّةٍ وَلَا فَرْضٍ إِلَى الْقُعُودِ الَّذِي هُوَ سُنَّةٌ ، وَكَانَ يُؤْمَرُ بِالْعَوْدِ مِمَّا لَيْسَ بِسُنَّةٍ وَلَا فَرِيضَةٍ إِلَى مَا هُوَ سُنَّةٌ ، وَيُؤْمَرُ بِالْعَوْدِ مِنَ السُّنَّةِ إِلَى مَا هُوَ فَرِيضَةٌ ، وَكَانَ الَّذِي قَامَ مِنَ الْقُعُودِ الْأَخِيرِ حَتَّى اسْتَتَمَّ قَائِمًا دَاخِلًا لَا فِي سُنَّةٍ وَلَا فِي فَرِيضَةٍ وَقَدْ قَامَ مِنْ قُعُودٍ هُوَ سُنَّةٌ فَأُمِرَ بِالْعَوْدِ إِلَيْهِ وَتَرْكِ التَّمَادِي فِيمَا لَيْسَ بِسُنَّةٍ وَلَا فَرِيضَةٍ . كَمَا أُمِرَ الَّذِي قَامَ مِنَ الْقُعُودِ الْأَوَّلِ الَّذِي هُوَ سُنَّةٌ فَلَمْ يَسْتَتِمَّ قَائِمًا فَيَدْخُلَ فِي الْفَرِيضَةِ أَنْ يَرْجِعَ مِنْ ذَلِكَ [1/277] إِلَى الْقُعُودِ الَّذِي هُوَ سُنَّةٌ ، فَلِهَذَا أُمِرَ الَّذِي قَامَ مِنَ الْقُعُودِ الْأَخِيرِ حَتَّى اسْتَتَمَّ قَائِمًا بِالرُّجُوعِ إِلَيْهِ لَا لِمَا ذَهَبَ إِلَيْهِ الْآخَرُونَ . قَالَ أَبُو جَعْفَرٍ : فَهَذَا هُوَ النَّظَرُ عِنْدَنَا فِي هَذَا الْبَابِ لَا مَا قَالَ الْآخَرُونَ . وَلَكِنَّ أَبَا حَنِيفَةَ ، وَأَبَا يُوسُفَ ، وَمُحَمَّدًا ، رَحِمَهُمُ اللهُ تَعَالَى ، ذَهَبُوا فِي ذَلِكَ إِلَى قَوْلِ الَّذِينَ قَالُوا : إِنَّ الْقُعُودَ الْأَخِيرَ مِقْدَارَ التَّشَهُّدِ مِنْ صُلْبِ الصَّلَاةِ ؛ لِأَنَّهُ ثَبَتَ بِالنَّصِّ كَمَا ذَكَرْنَا . وَقَدْ قَالَ بَعْضُ الْمُتَقَدِّمِينَ بِمَا قَالُوا مِنْ ذَلِكَ . كَمَا
EnglishUnverified translation
1645 - Rabi al-Muadhhdhin narrated to us, he said: Yahya ibn Hassan narrated to us, he said: Wuhayb ibn Khalid narrated to us, from Mansur ibn al-Mutamir, from Ibrahim, from Alqamah, from Abdullah, from the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) with that. In this hadith is that he added into prayer a rakah not of it before the salam, and did not consider that invalidating prayer; had he considered it invalidating he would have repeated it. Since he did not repeat it, though he had exited from it to the fifth, not by taslim, that proves the salam is not of the substance of prayer. Do you not see that had he come with the fifth while a prostration of what preceded remained upon him, that would invalidate the four, for he mixed them with what is not of them? Had the salam been obligatory like the obligation of the prostration of prayer, its ruling would likewise be so; but it is contrary to it, so it is Sunnah. And there was also narrated in the hadith of Abu Said al-Khudri that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said: When one of you prays and does not know whether he prayed three or four, let him build upon certainty and leave doubt. If his prayer was deficient he has completed it, and the two prostrations humiliate Satan; if his prayer was complete, what he added and the two prostrations are voluntary for him. The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) thus made the added fifth and the two prostrations of forgetfulness voluntary, and did not make what preceded of prayer thereby invalid, though the praying person had exited from it to it. By that it is established that prayer is complete without taslim, and that taslim is among its Sunan, not its substance. Correcting the meanings of the reports in this chapter thus requires what those who said: Prayer is not complete until one sits the measure of the tashahhud, held; for the hadith of Ali, may Allah be pleased with him, from the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) bore what we mentioned, and the hadith of Abdullah ibn Amr from the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) was differed over as we described, while the hadith of Ibn Masud is what was not differed over. As for its aspect by way of reasoning: those who said that when he raises his head from the last prostration of his prayer his prayer is complete said: We saw this sitting, the sitting of tashahhud, in it remembrance recited as tashahhud and taslim exiting with it from prayer; and we saw before it in prayer a sitting in it remembrance recited as tashahhud. All agreed that that first sitting and what is in it of remembrance is not of the substance of prayer, but is among its Sunan. And the last sitting was differed over. By reasoning upon what we mentioned it should be like the first sitting, and what is in it like what is in the first sitting: Sunnah, and all done in it Sunnah, as the first sitting was Sunnah and all done in it was Sunnah. And we saw the standing in all prayer and the bowing and prostration in it likewise all so; by reasoning upon what we mentioned the sitting in it should likewise all be so. Since part of it by their agreement is Sunnah, the rest of it is likewise so by reasoning. The others argued against them and said: We saw one who stands from the first sitting forgetfully until he stands fully is commanded to proceed in his standing and not commanded to return to sitting; and we saw one who stands from the last sitting forgetfully until he stands fully is commanded to return to his sitting. They said: What one is commanded to return to after standing from it is the obligation, and what one is not commanded to return to after standing from it is not obligation. Do you not see that one who stands while a prostration of his prayer remains upon him until he stands fully is commanded to return to what he stood from, for he stood leaving an obligation and was commanded to return to it? Likewise the last sitting: since one who stood from it is commanded to return to it, that proves it is obligation; had it been other than obligation he would not have been commanded to return to it, as he was not commanded to return to the first sitting. Among the proof for the others against them is that one who stood from the first sitting until he stood fully was only commanded to proceed in his standing and not return to his sitting because he stood from a sitting that is not obligation and entered into a standing that is obligation, so he was not commanded to leave the obligation and return to other than obligation, but commanded to continue upon the obligation until he completes it. Had he stood from the first sitting and not stood fully he would be commanded to return to sitting, for so long as he has not stood fully he has not entered into obligation, so he was commanded to return from what is neither Sunnah nor obligation to the sitting that is Sunnah. And one is commanded to return from what is neither Sunnah nor obligation to what is Sunnah, and commanded to return from Sunnah to what is obligation. And one who stood from the last sitting until he stood fully entered into neither Sunnah nor obligation, having stood from a sitting that is Sunnah, so he was commanded to return to it and leave continuing in what is neither Sunnah nor obligation - as one who stood from the first sitting that is Sunnah and did not stand fully so as to enter obligation was commanded to return from that to the sitting that is Sunnah. For this, one who stood from the last sitting until he stood fully was commanded to return to it, not for what the others held. Abu Jafar said: This is the reasoning according to us in this chapter, not what the others said. But Abu Hanifah and Abu Yusuf and Muhammad, may Allah have mercy on them, went in that to the position of those who said: The last sitting the measure of the tashahhud is of the substance of prayer, for it is established by text as we mentioned. And some of the predecessors held what they held of that. As