7224 - حَدَّثَنَا ابْنُ أَبِي دَاوُدَ ، قَالَ : ثَنَا عُبَيْدُ اللهِ بْنُ مُعَاذٍ ، قَالَ : ثَنَا الْمُعْتَمِرُ بْنُ سُلَيْمَانَ ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ ، عَنْ أَبِي مِجْلَزٍ ، عَنْ أَنَسِ بْنِ مَالِكٍ قَالَ : لَمَّا تَزَوَّجَ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ زَيْنَبَ بِنْتَ جَحْشٍ ، دَعَا الْقَوْمَ ، فَطَعِمُوا ، ثُمَّ جَلَسُوا يَتَحَدَّثُونَ ، فَأَخَذَ كَأَنَّهُ يَتَهَيَّأُ لِلْقِيَامِ ، فَلَمْ يَقُومُوا . فَلَمَّا رَأَى ذَلِكَ قَامَ ، وَقَامَ مَنْ قَامَ مَعَهُ الْقَوْمُ ، وَقَعَدَ الثَّلَاثَةُ . ثُمَّ إِنَّ النَّبِيَّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ جَاءَ لِيَدْخُلَ ، فَإِذَا الْقَوْمُ جُلُوسٌ ، ثُمَّ إِنَّهُمْ قَامُوا وَانْطَلَقُوا . فَجِئْتُ فَأَخْبَرْتُ النَّبِيَّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ أَنَّهُمْ قَدِ انْطَلَقُوا ، فَجَاءَ فَدَخَلَ ، وَأُنْزِلَتْ آيَةُ الْحِجَابِ : { يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا لا تَدْخُلُوا بُيُوتَ النَّبِيِّ إِلا أَنْ يُؤْذَنَ } ، الْآيَةَ . قَالَ أَبُو جَعْفَرٍ : فَكُنَّ أُمَّهَاتُ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ قَدْ خُصِصْنَ بِالْحِجَابِ ، مَا لَمْ يُجْعَلْ فِيهِ سَائِرُ النَّاسِ مِثْلَهُنَّ . فَإِنْ قَالَ قَائِلٌ : فَقَدْ قَالَ اللهُ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ : { وَقُلْ لِلْمُؤْمِنَاتِ يَغْضُضْنَ مِنْ أَبْصَارِهِنَّ وَيَحْفَظْنَ فُرُوجَهُنَّ وَلا يُبْدِينَ زِينَتَهُنَّ إِلا مَا ظَهَرَ مِنْهَا } ، ثُمَّ قَالَ : { وَلا يُبْدِينَ زِينَتَهُنَّ إِلا لِبُعُولَتِهِنَّ أَوْ آبَائِهِنَّ أَوْ آبَاءِ بُعُولَتِهِنَّ أَوْ أَبْنَائِهِنَّ أَوْ أَبْنَاءِ بُعُولَتِهِنَّ أَوْ إِخْوَانِهِنَّ أَوْ بَنِي إِخْوَانِهِنَّ أَوْ بَنِي أَخَوَاتِهِنَّ أَوْ نِسَائِهِنَّ أَوْ مَا مَلَكَتْ أَيْمَانُهُنَّ } ، فَجَعَلَ مَا مَلَكَتْ أَيْمَانُهُنَّ كَذِي الرَّحِمِ الْمَحْرَمِ فِيهِنَّ . قِيلَ لَهُ : مَا جَعَلَهُنَّ كَذَلِكَ ، وَلَكِنَّهُ ذَكَرَ جَمَاعَةً مُسْتَثْنَيْنَ مِنْ قَوْلِهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ : { وَلا يُبْدِينَ زِينَتَهُنَّ } ، فَذَكَرَ الْبُعُولَ ، وَذَكَرَ الْآبَاءَ ، وَمَنْ ذُكِرَ مَعَهُمْ مِثْلُ مَا ذَكَرَهُ { أَوْ مَا مَلَكَتْ أَيْمَانُهُنَّ } . فَلَمْ يَكُنْ جَمْعُهُ بَيْنَهُمْ بِدَلِيلٍ عَلَى اسْتِوَاءِ أَحْكَامِهِمْ ؛ لِأَنَّا قَدْ رَأَيْنَا الْبَعْلَ قَدْ يَجُوزُ لَهُ أَنْ يَنْظُرَ مِنِ امْرَأَتِهِ إِلَى مَا لَا يَنْظُرُ إِلَيْهَا أَبُوهَا مِنْهَا . ثُمَّ قَالَ : { أَوْ مَا مَلَكَتْ أَيْمَانُهُنَّ } فَلَا يَكُونُ ضَمُّهُ أُولَئِكَ مَعَ مَا قَبْلَهُمْ ، بِدَلِيلِ أَنَّ حُكْمَهُمْ مِثْلُ حُكْمِهِمْ . وَلَكِنَّ الَّذِي أُبِيحَ بِهَذِهِ الْآيَةِ لِلْمَمْلُوكِينَ مِنَ النَّظَرِ إِلَى النِّسَاءِ ، إِنَّمَا هُوَ مَا ظَهَرَ مِنَ الزِّينَةِ ، وَهُوَ الْوَجْهُ وَالْكَفَّانِ . وَفِي إِبَاحَتِهِ ذَلِكَ لِلْمَمْلُوكِينَ ، وَلَيْسُوا بِذَوِي أَرْحَامٍ مُحَرَّمَةٍ ، دَلِيلٌ أَنَّ الْأَحْرَارَ الَّذِينَ لَيْسُوا بِذَوِي أَرْحَامٍ مُحَرَّمَةٍ مِنَ النِّسَاءِ فِي ذَلِكَ كَذَلِكَ . وَقَدْ بَيَّنَ هَذَا الْمَعْنَى مَا فِي حَدِيثِ عَبْدِ بْنِ زَمْعَةَ مِنْ قَوْلِ رَسُولِ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ لِسَوْدَةَ : ( احْتَجِبِي مِنْهُ ) ، فَأَمَرَهَا بِالْحِجَابِ مِنْهُ وَهُوَ ابْنُ وَلِيدَةِ أَبِيهَا ، وَلَيْسَ يَخْلُو أَنْ يَكُونَ أَخَاهَا ، أَوِ ابْنَ وَلِيدَةِ أَبِيهَا ، فَيَكُونُ مَمْلُوكًا لَهَا ، وَلِسَائِرِ وَرَثَةِ أَبِيهَا . [4/335] فَعَلِمْنَا أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ لَمْ يَحْجُبْهَا مِنْهُ ؛ لِأَنَّهُ أَخُوهَا ، وَلَكِنْ لِأَنَّهُ غَيْرُ أَخِيهَا ، وَهُوَ فِي تِلْكَ الْحَالِ مَمْلُوكٌ ، فَلَمْ يَحِلَّ لَهُ - بِرِقِّهِ - النَّظَرُ إِلَيْهَا . فَقَدْ ضَادَّ هَذَا الْحَدِيثُ ، حَدِيثَ أُمِّ سَلَمَةَ ، وَخَالَفَهُ ، وَصَارَتِ الْآيَةُ الَّتِي ذَكَرْنَا عَلَى قَوْلِ هَذَا الذَّاهِبِ إِلَى حَدِيثِ سَوْدَةَ أَنَّهَا عَلَى سَائِرِ النِّسَاءِ دُونَ أُمَّهَاتِ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ ، وَأَنَّ عَبِيدَ أُمَّهَاتِ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ كَانُوا فِي حُكْمِ النَّظَرِ إِلَيْهِنَّ فِي حُكْمِ الْقُرَبَاءِ مِنْهُنَّ الَّذِينَ لَا رَحِمَ بَيْنَهُمْ وَبَيْنَهُنَّ ، لَا فِي حُكْمِ ذَوِي الْأَرْحَامِ مِنْهُنَّ الْمُحَرَّمَةِ . وَكُلُّ مَنْ كَانَ بَيْنَهُ وَبَيْنَهُنَّ مَحْرَمَةٌ فَهُوَ عِنْدَنَا فِي حُكْمِ ذَوِي الْأَرْحَامِ الْمُحَرَّمَةِ فِي مَنْعِ مَا وَصَفْنَا . ثُمَّ رَجَعْنَا إِلَى النَّظَرِ ؛ لِنَسْتَخْرِجَ بِهِ مِنَ الْقَوْلَيْنِ قَوْلًا صَحِيحًا . فَرَأَيْنَا ذَا الرَّحِمِ لَا بَأْسَ أَنْ يَنْظُرَ إِلَى الْمَرْأَةِ الَّتِي هُوَ لَهَا مَحْرَمٌ إِلَى وَجْهِهَا ، وَصَدْرِهَا ، وَشَعْرِهَا ، وَمَا دُونَ رُكْبَتِهَا . وَرَأَيْنَا الْقَرِيبَ مِنْهَا يَنْظُرُ إِلَى وَجْهِهَا وَكَفَّيْهَا فَقَطَّ . ثُمَّ رَأَيْنَا الْعَبْدَ حَرَامٌ عَلَيْهِ - فِي قَوْلِهِمْ جَمِيعًا - أَنْ يَنْظُرَ إِلَى صَدْرِ الْمَرْأَةِ مَكْشُوفًا ، أَوْ إِلَى سَاقَيْهَا ، سَوَاءً كَانَ رِقُّهُ لَهَا أَوْ لِغَيْرِهَا . فَلَمَّا كَانَ فِيمَا ذَكَرْنَا ، كَالْأَجْنَبِيِّ مِنْهَا ، لَا كَذِي رَحِمِهَا الْمَحْرَمِ عَلَيْهَا كَانَ فِي النَّظَرِ إِلَى شَعَرِهَا أَيْضًا كَالْأَجْنَبِيِّ لَا كَذِي رَحِمِهَا الْمَحْرَمِ عَلَيْهَا . فَهَذَا هُوَ النَّظَرُ فِي هَذَا الْبَابِ وَهُوَ قَوْلُ أَبِي حَنِيفَةَ ، وَأَبِي يُوسُفَ ، وَمُحَمَّدٍ ، رَحِمَهُمُ اللهُ تَعَالَى . وَقَدْ وَافَقَهُمْ فِي ذَلِكَ مِنَ الْمُتَقَدِّمِينَ الْحَسَنُ ، وَالشَّعْبِيُّ .
EnglishUnverified translation
7224 - Ibn Abi Dawud narrated to us, he said: Ubaydullah ibn Muadh narrated to us, he said: al-Mutamir ibn Sulayman narrated to us, from his father, from Abu Mijlaz, from Anas ibn Malik, he said: When the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) married Zaynab bint Jahsh, he invited the people, they ate, then sat talking. He gestured as if preparing to stand, but they did not stand. When he saw that, he stood, and those of the people who stood with him stood, and three sat. Then the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) came to enter, but the people were sitting. Then they stood and left. So I came and informed the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) that they had left, so he came and entered, and the verse of hijab was revealed: O you who believe, do not enter the houses of the Prophet except when permitted, the verse. Abu Jafar said: So the Mothers of the Believers were singled out with hijab, which others were not given like them. If one says: Allah, Mighty and Majestic, said: And say to the believing women to lower their gazes and guard their private parts and not display their adornment except what appears of it, then He said: And let them not display their adornment except to their husbands or their fathers or their husbands' fathers or their sons or their husbands' sons or their brothers or their brothers' sons or their sisters' sons or their women or what their right hands possess, so He made what their right hands possess like the unmarriageable kin among them. It is said to him: He did not make them so, but He mentioned a group exempted from His saying, Mighty and Majestic: And let them not display their adornment, so He mentioned husbands, fathers, and those mentioned with them, like what He mentioned: Or what their right hands possess. So His joining them is no proof that their rulings are equal, because we have seen a husband may look at his wife at what her father may not look at of her. Then He said: Or what their right hands possess, so joining them with those before them is no proof that their ruling is like their ruling. But what this verse permits slaves of looking at women is only what appears of adornment, namely the face and hands. And His permitting that to slaves, who are not unmarriageable kin, proves that free men who are not unmarriageable kin to women are likewise in that. This meaning is clarified by what is in the hadith of Abd ibn Zamah, of the saying of the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) to Sawdah: Veil yourself from him. So he ordered her to veil from him, though he was the son of his father's concubine, and he is either her brother or the son of his father's concubine, thus a slave to her and to the other heirs of her father. So we knew the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) did not veil her from him because he was her brother, but because he was not her brother, and in that state he was a slave, so his bondage did not make looking at her lawful for him. So this hadith contradicts the hadith of Umm Salamah and opposes it. And the verse we mentioned, according to this holder of the hadith of Sawdah, applies to all women, not the Mothers of the Believers, and the slaves of the Mothers of the Believers were, regarding looking at them, in the ruling of non-kin strangers, not in the ruling of their unmarriageable kin. And everyone between whom and them is unmarriageable kinship is, in our view, in the ruling of unmarriageable kin regarding preventing what we described. Then we returned to consideration to extract thereby a sound view from the two views. We saw that unmarriageable kin may look at the woman to whom he is unmarriageable kin at her face, chest, hair, and below her knees. And we saw a near relative looks at her face and hands only. Then we saw a slave is forbidden, in all their views, to look at a woman's uncovered chest or her legs, whether his bondage is to her or to another. Since in what we mentioned he is like a stranger to her, not like her unmarriageable kin, he is likewise regarding looking at her hair like a stranger, not like her unmarriageable kin. This is the consideration in this chapter, and it is the saying of Abu Hanifah, Abu Yusuf, and Muhammad, may Allah, Most High, have mercy on them. And al-Hasan and al-Shabi among the predecessors agreed with them in that.
