5905 - حَدَّثَنَا ابْنُ مَرْزُوقٍ قَالَ : ثَنَا أَبُو عَاصِمٍ ، عَنِ ابْنِ جُرَيْجٍ ، عَنْ عَطَاءٍ فِي رَجُلٍ رَهَنَ رَجُلًا جَارِيَةً ، فَهَلَكَتْ قَالَ : ( هِيَ بِحَقِّ الْمُرْتَهِنِ ) . [4/104] فَهَذَا عَطَاءٌ يَقُولُ بِهَذَا ، وَقَدْ رَوَيْنَا عَنْهُ عَنْ رَسُولِ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ أَنَّهُ قَالَ : لَا يَغْلَقُ الرَّهْنُ . فَهَذَا أَيْضًا حُجَّةٌ عَلَى مُخَالِفِنَا إِذَا كَانَ مِنْ أَصْلِهِ أَنَّ مَنْ رَوَى حَدِيثًا عَنْ رَسُولِ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ ، فَتَأْوِيلُهُ فِيهِ حُجَّةٌ . فَقَدْ خَالَفَ هَذَا كُلَّهُ فِي هَذَا الْبَابِ ، وَخَالَفَ مَا قَدْ رَوَيْنَاهُ عَنْ رَسُولِ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ ، وَعَنْ عُمَرَ ، وَعَلِيٍّ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُمَا ، وَعَمَّنْ ذَكَرْنَا مِنَ التَّابِعِينَ رَحْمَةُ اللهِ عَلَيْهِمْ ، فَمَنْ إِمَامُهُ فِي هَذَا ؟ أَوْ بِمَنِ اقْتَدَى بِهِ ؟ ثُمَّ النَّظَرُ فِي هَذَا أَيْضًا يَدْفَعُ مَا قَالَ وَمَا ذَهَبَ إِلَيْهِ ، إِذْ جَعْلُ الرَّهْنِ أَمَانَةً يَضِيعُ بِغَيْرِ شَيْءٍ . وَقَدْ أَجْمَعُوا أَنَّ الْأَمَانَاتِ لِرَبِّهَا أَنْ يَأْخُذَهَا ، وَحَرَامٌ عَلَى الْمُرْتَهِنِ مَنْعُهُ مِنْهَا . وَالرَّهْنُ مُخَالِفٌ لِذَلِكَ إِذْ كَانَ لِلْمُرْتَهِنِ حَبْسُهُ وَمَنْعُ مَالِكِهِ مِنْهُ حَتَّى يَسْتَوْفِيَ دَيْنَهُ ، فَخَرَجَ بِذَلِكَ حُكْمُهُ مِنْ حُكْمِ الْأَمَانَاتِ . وَرَأَيْنَا الْأَشْيَاءَ الْمَغْصُوبَةَ حَرَامٌ عَلَى الْغَاصِبِينَ حَبْسُهَا ، وَحَلَالٌ لِلْمَغْصُوبِينَ مِنْهُمْ أَخْذُهَا ، وَالرَّهْنُ لَيْسَ كَذَلِكَ ؛ لِأَنَّ الْمُرْتَهِنَ حَلَالٌ لَهُ حَبْسُ الرَّهْنِ ، وَمَنْعُ الرَّاهِنِ مِنْهُ حَتَّى يَسْتَوْفِيَ مِنْهُ دَيْنَهُ . وَرَأَيْنَا الْعَوَارِيَّ لِلْمُسْتَعِيرِ الِانْتِفَاعُ بِهَا ، وَلِلْمُعِيرِ أَخْذُهَا مِنْهُ مَتَى أَحَبَّ . وَالرَّهْنُ لَيْسَ كَذَلِكَ ؛ لِأَنَّ الْمُرْتَهِنَ حَرَامٌ عَلَيْهِ اسْتِعْمَالُ الرَّهْنِ ، وَلَيْسَ لِلرَّاهِنِ أَخْذُهُ مِنْهُ حَتَّى يُوفِيَهُ دَيْنَهُ . فَبَانَ حُكْمُ الرَّهْنِ عَنْ حُكْمِ الْوَدَائِعِ ، وَالْغُصُوبِ ، وَالْعَوَارِي ، وَثَبَتَ أَنَّ حُكْمَهُ بِخِلَافِ حُكْمِ ذَلِكَ كُلِّهِ . وَقَدْ أَجْمَعُوا أَنَّ لِلْمُرْتَهِنِ حَبْسَهُ حَتَّى يَسْتَوْفِيَ الدَّيْنَ ، وَحَلَالٌ لِلرَّاهِنِ أَخْذُهُ إِذَا بَرِئَ مِنَ الدَّيْنِ . فَلَمَّا كَانَ حَبْسُ الرَّهْنِ مُضَمَّنًا بِحَبْسِ الدَّيْنِ ، وَسُقُوطُ حَبْسِهِ مُضَمَّنًا بِسُقُوطِ حَبْسِ الدَّيْنِ ، كَانَ كَذَلِكَ أَيْضًا ثُبُوتُ الدَّيْنِ مُضَمَّنًا بِثُبُوتِ الرَّهْنِ ، فَمَا كَانَ الرَّهْنُ ثَابِتًا فَالدَّيْنُ ثَابِتٌ ، وَمَتَى كَانَ الرَّهْنُ غَيْرَ ثَابِتٍ فَالدَّيْنُ غَيْرُ ثَابِتٍ . وَكَذَلِكَ رَأَيْنَا الْمَبِيعَ فِي قَوْلِنَا ، وَقَوْلِ هَذَا الْمُخَالِفِ لَنَا ، لِلْبَائِعِ حَبْسُهُ بِالثَّمَنِ ، وَمَتَى ضَاعَ فِي يَدِهِ ضَاعَ بِالثَّمَنِ . فَالنَّظَرُ عَلَى مَا اجْتَمَعَا عَلَيْهِ نَحْنُ وَهُوَ ، مِنْ هَذَا أَنْ يَكُونَ الرَّهْنُ كَذَلِكَ ، وَأَنْ يَكُونَ ضَيَاعُهُ يُبْطِلُ الدَّيْنَ كَمَا كَانَ ضَيَاعُ الْمَبِيعِ يُبْطِلُ الثَّمَنَ . فَهَذَا هُوَ النَّظَرُ فِي هَذَا الْبَابِ ، غَيْرَ أَنَّ أَبَا حَنِيفَةَ ، وَأَبَا يُوسُفَ ، وَمُحَمَّدًا ، رَحْمَةُ اللهِ عَلَيْهِمْ ، ذَهَبُوا فِي الرَّهْنِ إِلَى مَا قَدْ رَوَيْنَاهُ فِي هَذَا الْبَابِ عَنْ عُمَرَ بْنِ الْخَطَّابِ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ ، وَإِبْرَاهِيمَ النَّخَعِيِّ رَحْمَةُ اللهِ عَلَيْهِ . وَاحْتَجُّوا فِي ذَلِكَ بِمَا قَدْ أَجْمَعُوا عَلَيْهِ فِي الْغَصْبِ ، فَقَالُوا : رَأَيْنَا الْأَشْيَاءَ الْمَغْصُوبَةَ لَا يُوجِبُ ضَيَاعُهَا مِنْ غَصْبِهَا أَكْثَرَ مِنْ ضَمَانِ قِيمَتِهَا ، وَغَصْبُهَا حَرَامٌ . قَالُوا : فَالْأَشْيَاءُ الْمَرْهُونَةُ الَّتِي قَدْ ثَبَتَ أَنَّهَا مَضْمُونَةٌ أَحْرَى أَنْ لَا يَجِبَ بِضَمَانِهَا عَلَى مَنْ قَدْ ضَمِنَهَا أَكْثَرُ مِنْ مِقْدَارِ قِيمَتِهَا . وَكَانُوا يَذْهَبُونَ فِي تَفْسِيرِ قَوْلِ سَعِيدِ بْنِ الْمُسَيِّبِ : لَهُ غُنْمُهُ وَعَلَيْهِ غُرْمُهُ ، إِلَى أَنَّ ذَلِكَ فِي الْبَيْعِ . [4/105] يُرِيدُونَ إِذَا بِيعَ الرَّهْنُ بِثَمَنٍ فِيهِ نَقْصٌ عَنِ الدَّيْنِ غَرِمَ الْمُرْتَهِنُ ذَلِكَ النَّقْصَ ، وَهُوَ غُرْمُهُ الْمَذْكُورُ فِي الْحَدِيثِ ، وَإِذَا بِيعَ بِفَضْلٍ عَنِ الدَّيْنِ أَخَذَ الرَّاهِنُ ذَلِكَ الْفَضْلَ ، وَهُوَ غُنْمُهُ الْمَذْكُورُ فِي الْحَدِيثِ .
EnglishUnverified translation
5905 - Ibn Marzuq narrated to us, he said: Abu 'Asim narrated to us, from Ibn Jurayj, from 'Ata', concerning a man who pledged a slave-girl to a man, then she perished. He said: 'She is against the pledgee's right.' So here 'Ata' says this, while we have narrated from him, from the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), that he said: 'The pledge is not forfeited.' So this too is a proof against our opponent, since it is of his principle that whoever narrates a hadith from the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), his interpretation thereof is a proof. So he has contradicted all this in this chapter, and contradicted what we have narrated from the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), and from 'Umar and 'Ali, may Allah be pleased with them both, and from those of the Successors we mentioned, may Allah's mercy be upon them. So who is his imam in this? Or whom has he followed? Then rational examination in this also refutes what he said and held, since making the pledge a trust that is lost for nothing. And they have agreed that trusts: their owner may take them, and it is forbidden for the pledgee to withhold them from him. But the pledge is contrary to that, since the pledgee may detain it and withhold its owner from it until he recovers his debt; thereby its ruling departs from the ruling of trusts. And we saw usurped things: it is forbidden for the usurpers to detain them, and lawful for those usurped from to take them; but the pledge is not so, for the pledgee may lawfully detain the pledge and withhold the pledgor from it until he recovers his debt from it. And we saw loans for use: the borrower may benefit from them, and the lender may take them from him whenever he wishes. But the pledge is not so, for the pledgee is forbidden to use the pledge, and the pledgor may not take it from him until he pays him his debt. So the ruling of the pledge became distinct from the ruling of deposits, usurpations and loans for use, and it is established that its ruling is contrary to the ruling of all that. And they have agreed that the pledgee may detain it until he recovers the debt, and it is lawful for the pledgor to take it when he is quit of the debt. So since the detention of the pledge is guaranteed by the detention of the debt, and the lifting of its detention is guaranteed by the lifting of the detention of the debt, so likewise the establishment of the debt is guaranteed by the establishment of the pledge: so long as the pledge stands, the debt stands; and whenever the pledge does not stand, the debt does not stand. And likewise we saw the sold item - in our saying and in the saying of this opponent of ours - the seller may detain it for the price, and whenever it is lost in his hand it is lost with the price. So examination, upon what we and he agreed on of this, requires the pledge to be likewise, and that its loss nullifies the debt just as the loss of the sold item nullifies the price. So this is the examination in this chapter - except that Abu Hanifah, Abu Yusuf and Muhammad, may Allah's mercy be upon them, held concerning the pledge what we have narrated in this chapter from 'Umar ibn al-Khattab, may Allah be pleased with him, and Ibrahim al-Nakha'i, may Allah's mercy be upon him. And they argued for that with what they agreed upon concerning usurpation, saying: we saw usurped things, whose loss from their usurpation does not necessitate more than the guarantee of their value, though their usurpation is forbidden. They said: so pledged things, of which it is established that they are guaranteed, are more worthy that their guarantee not necessitate upon the one who guaranteed them more than the amount of their value. And they used to explain the saying of Sa'id ibn al-Musayyib, 'To him its gain and upon him its loss,' as being about the sale: meaning, when the pledge is sold for a price short of the debt, the pledgee bears that shortfall - and that is the loss mentioned in the hadith; and when it is sold for an excess over the debt, the pledgor takes that excess - and that is the gain mentioned in the hadith.