4238 - كَمَا حَدَّثَنَا يُونُسُ أَخْبَرَنَا ابْنُ وَهْبٍ أَنَّ مَالِكًا حَدَّثَهُ ، عَنْ [10/440] هِشَامِ بْنِ عُرْوَةَ ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ . عَنْ عَائِشَةَ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهَا أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ قَالَ : إِنَّ الشَّمْسَ وَالْقَمَرَ آيَتَانِ مِنْ آيَاتِ اللهِ تَبَارَكَ وَتَعَالَى لَا يَخْسِفَانِ لِمَوْتِ أَحَدٍ وَلَا لِحَيَاتِهِ فَإِذَا رَأَيْتُمْ ذَلِكَ فَادْعُوا اللهَ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ وَكَبِّرُوا وَتَصَدَّقُوا وَهُوَ أَوْلَى الِاحْتِمَالَيْنِ . فَقَالَ قَائِلٌ : وَلِمَ كَانَ مَا تَأَوَّلْتَ فِي تِلْكَ الصَّدَقَةِ بِالْقُرْبَةِ أَوْلَى مِنَ الْكَفَّارَةِ ؟ فَكَانَ جَوَابُنَا لَهُ فِي ذَلِكَ أَنَّا وَجَدْنَا الْكَفَّارَاتِ الَّتِي أَمَرَ اللهُ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ بِهَا فِي كِتَابِهِ وَعَلَى لِسَانِ نَبِيِّهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ مِنْهَا مَا قَدْ خَلَطَ فِيهِ الصِّيَامَ بِغَيْرِهِ وَهِيَ آيَةُ جَزَاءِ الصَّيْدِ فَقَالَ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ { فَجَزَاءٌ مِثْلُ مَا قَتَلَ مِنَ النَّعَمِ } ، وَمِثْلُهَا أَيْضًا آيَةُ الْفِدْيَةِ فِي حَلْقِ الْمُحْرِمِ رَأْسَهُ مِنْ أَذًى وَهِيَ قَوْلُهُ { فَمَنْ كَانَ مِنْكُمْ مَرِيضًا أَوْ بِهِ أَذًى مِنْ رَأْسِهِ فَفِدْيَةٌ مِنْ صِيَامٍ أَوْ صَدَقَةٍ أَوْ نُسُكٍ } . وَمِنْهَا مَا أَمَرَ بِهِ فِي كِتَابِهِ فِي كَفَّارَاتِ الْأَيْمَانِ عِنْدَ إِعْوَازِ الرَّقَبَةِ وَالْكِسْوَةِ وَالْإِطْعَامِ وَهِيَ قَوْلُهُ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ { فَمَنْ لَمْ يَجِدْ فَصِيَامُ ثَلاثَةِ أَيَّامٍ } فَكَانَ ذَلِكَ صِيَامًا مُحَوَّلًا عِنْدَ الْإِعْوَازِ بَدَلًا مِمَّا قَبْلَهُ مِمَّا لَيْسَ بِصِيَامٍ ، وَمِثْلُ ذَلِكَ مَا جَعَلَهُ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ مِنَ الصِّيَامِ بَدَلًا عَنِ الْكَفَّارَةِ عَنِ الْقَتْلِ الْخَطَأِ بِقَوْلِهِ { فَمَنْ لَمْ يَجِدْ فَصِيَامُ شَهْرَيْنِ مُتَتَابِعَيْنِ } . [10/441] وَمِثْلُ ذَلِكَ كَفَّارَةُ الظِّهَارِ لِمَنْ لَمْ يَجِدْ رَقَبَةً بِصَوْمِ شَهْرَيْنِ مُتَتَابِعَيْنِ ، فَإِنْ لَمْ يَقْدِرْ أَطْعَمَ سِتِّينَ مِسْكِينًا ، وَمِثْلُ ذَلِكَ مَا بَيَّنَهُ لَنَا عَلَى لِسَانِ رَسُولِهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فِي الْمُجَامِعِ فِي صِيَامِهِ مُتَعَمِّدًا مِمَّا هُوَ مِثْلُ ذَلِكَ ، فَكَانَ مَا جَعَلَهُ اللهُ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ كَفَّارَةً قَدْ خَلَطَهُ بِالصِّيَامِ أَوْ جَعَلَ لَهُ بَدَلًا مِنْ صِيَامٍ ، وَكَانَ مَا أَمَرَ بِهِ الْمُجَامِعَ فِي حَالِ الْحَيْضِ لَمْ يَخْلِطْهُ بِصِيَامٍ وَلَمْ يَجْعَلْ صِيَامًا بَدَلًا مِنْهُ عِنْدَ الْإِعْوَازِ كَمَا أَمَرَ بِالصَّدَقَةِ عِنْدَ الْوُجُودِ ، فَعَقَلْنَا بِذَلِكَ أَنَّ مَا أَمَرَ بِهِ مِنْ ذِكْرِنَا لِلْجِمَاعِ فِي الْحَيْضِ كَانَ صَدَقَةَ قُرْبَةٍ لَا صَدَقَةَ كَفَّارَةٍ . فَقَالَ قَائِلٌ : فَقَدْ رَأَيْنَا الْمُحْرِمَ يُجَامِعُ فِي إِحْرَامِهِ فَيَكُونُ عَلَيْهِ الدَّمُ بِلَا صِيَامٍ مَعَهُ وَبِلَا صِيَامٍ بَدَلًا مِنْهُ عِنْدَ الْإِعْوَازِ لَهُ فَمَا تُنْكِرُونَ أَنْ تَكُونَ كَذَلِكَ الصَّدَقَةُ الَّتِي أَمَرَ بِهَا صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فِي الْجِمَاعِ فِي الْحَيْضِ كَفَّارَةً لَا بَدَلَ لَهَا . فَكَانَ جَوَابُنَا لَهُ فِي ذَلِكَ أَنَّ الَّذِي ذَكَرَهُ مِنَ الدَّمِ فِي الْجِمَاعِ بِغَيْرِ بَدَلٍ لَهُ مِنْ صِيَامٍ وَبِغَيْرِ مُخَالَطَةٍ لِصِيَامِ إِيَّاهُ إِنَّمَا يَقُولُهُ الْكُوفِيُّونَ وَلَهُمْ فِي ذَلِكَ مُخَالِفُونَ مِنْ أَهْلِ الْعِلْمِ مِمَّنْ سِوَاهُمْ . مِنْهُمْ مَالِكُ بْنُ أَنَسٍ رَحِمَهُ اللهُ كَانَ يَقُولُ فِي الْجِمَاعِ فِي الْإِحْرَامِ : إِنَّ فِيهِ فَدِيَةً مِنْ صِيَامٍ أَوْ صَدَقَةٍ أَوْ نُسُكٍ كَالْوَاجِبِ فِي حَلْقِ الرَّأْسِ فِي الْإِحْرَامِ مِنْ أَذًى . وَمِنْهُمُ الشَّافِعِيُّ رَحِمَهُ اللهُ كَانَ يَقُولُ : إِنَّهُ يُوجِبُ الدَّمَ فِي هَذَا [10/442] ثُمَّ يُقَوَّمُ الدَّمُ فَيُصْرَفُ ثَمَنُهُ بَعْدَ الْعَجْزِ عَنِ الدَّمِ كَمَا يُصْرَفُ مِثْلُهُ فِي جَزَاءِ الصَّيْدِ الَّذِي يُصِيبُهُ الْمُحْرِمُ فِي إِحْرَامِهِ ، وَكَانَ الَّذِي قَالَهُ مَالِكُ بْنُ أَنَسٍ فِي ذَلِكَ عِنْدَنَا أَوْلَى مَا قِيلَ فِيهِ ; لِأَنَّ الْإِحْرَامَ قَدْ حَرَّمَ الْجِمَاعَ وَحَرَّمَ حَلْقَ الرَّأْسِ وَحَرَّمَ اللِّبَاسَ ، وَكَانَ مَنْ فَعَلَ شَيْئًا مِنْ ذَلِكَ بِلَا ضَرُورَةٍ إِلَيْهِ آثِمًا ، وَمَنْ فَعَلَهُ بِضَرُورَةٍ إِلَيْهِ غَيْرَ آثِمٍ ، وَكَانَتِ الْكَفَّارَاتُ الْوَاجِبَةُ فِي ذَلِكَ عَلَى الْفِعْلِ لَا مَا سِوَاهُ غَيْرَ أَنَّهَا إِذَا كَانَتْ بِإِصَابَةٍ عَلَى ضَرُورَةٍ لَا إِثْمَ مَعَهَا ، وَإِذَا كَانَتْ عَلَى غَيْرِ ضَرُورَةٍ فَمَعَهَا الْإِثْمُ ، فَكَانَتِ الْكَفَّارَةُ وَاجِبَةً لِلْفِعْلِ لَا لِمَا سِوَاهُ وَكَانَ قَتْلُ الصَّيْدِ انْتِهَاكَ حُرْمَةٍ مِنْ غَيْرِ الْأَبْدَانِ ، وَحَلْقُ الشَّعَرِ انْتِهَاكَ حُرْمَةِ الْبَدَنِ ، فَبَعْضُ أَسْبَابِ الْبَدَنِ بِبَعْضِ أَسْبَابِ الْبَدَنِ أَشْبَهُ مِنْهَا بِالصَّيْدِ الَّذِي لَيْسَ مِنْ أَسْبَابِ الْبَدَنِ . وَإِذَا كَانَ مَا ذَكَرْنَا كَذَلِكَ لَمْ يَكُنْ فِيمَا احْتَجَّ بِهِ هَذَا الْمُحْتَجُّ عَلَيْنَا لَهُ حُجَّةٌ فِيمَا احْتَجَّ بِهِ عَلَيْنَا ، ثُمَّ نَظَرْنَا هَلْ تَقَدَّمَ هَؤُلَاءِ الْمُخْتَلِفِينَ فِي هَذَا الْمَعْنَى أَحَدٌ مِمَّنْ قَبْلَهُمْ مِنْ أَصْحَابِ رَسُولِ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ . ؟
EnglishUnverified translation
4238 - As Yunus narrated to us, Ibn Wahb informed us that Malik narrated to him, from Hisham ibn Urwah, from his father, from Aishah, may Allah be pleased with her, that the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said: The sun and the moon are two signs of the signs of Allah, Blessed and Exalted; they do not eclipse for the death of anyone nor for his life. So when you see that, supplicate Allah Almighty, magnify Allah, and give charity. And it is the worthier of the two possibilities. Then an objector said: And why was what you interpreted in that charity, of nearness, worthier than expiation? So our answer to him in that was that we found the expiations Allah Almighty commanded with in His Book and upon the tongue of His Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him): of them is what He mixed fasting with others in, and it is the verse of recompense for game. So Allah Almighty said: Then a recompense like what he killed of livestock. And the like of it also is the verse of ransom in the pilgrim shaving his head from hurt, and it is His saying: Then whoever of you is ill or has hurt in his head, then a ransom of fasting or charity or sacrifice. And of them is what He commanded in His Book in expiations of oaths upon lacking a neck and clothing and feeding, and it is His Almighty saying: Then whoever does not find, then fasting three days. So that was fasting transferred upon lacking, as a substitute for what is before it of what is not fasting. And the like of that is what Allah Almighty made of fasting as a substitute for the expiation for mistaken killing, by His saying: Then whoever does not find, then fasting two consecutive months. And the like of that is the expiation of zihar for whoever does not find a neck, by fasting two consecutive months; then if he cannot, he feeds sixty poor. And the like of that is what He clarified to us upon the tongue of His Messenger (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) about one who has intercourse in his fasting deliberately, of what is like that. So what Allah Almighty made an expiation, He mixed it with fasting or made for it a substitute of fasting. While what He commanded the one having intercourse in the state of menstruation with, He did not mix with fasting, nor make fasting a substitute for it upon lacking, as He commanded charity upon finding. So we understood thereby that what He commanded, of our mention, for intercourse in menstruation, was charity of nearness, not charity of expiation. Then an objector said: But we have seen the pilgrim having intercourse in his pilgrimage, so upon him is blood, without fasting with it and without fasting as a substitute for it upon lacking it. So what do you deny that likewise the charity the Prophet, (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), commanded with in intercourse in menstruation be an expiation with no substitute for it. So our answer to him in that was that what he mentioned, of blood in intercourse without a substitute for it of fasting and without intermixing of fasting with it, is only said by the Kufans. And they have in that opponents of the people of knowledge besides them. Of them is Malik ibn Anas, may Allah have mercy on him: he used to say about intercourse in pilgrimage that in it is a ransom of fasting or charity or sacrifice, like the obligatory in shaving the head in pilgrimage from hurt. And of them is al-Shafii, may Allah have mercy on him: he used to say that it necessitates blood in this, then the blood is valued, and its price is spent after inability for blood, as the like of it is spent in recompense for game struck by the pilgrim in his pilgrimage. And what Malik ibn Anas said in that was in our view the worthiest of what was said in it; for pilgrimage forbade intercourse and forbade shaving the head and forbade clothing. And whoever did anything of that without need to it is sinful, while whoever did it with need to it is not sinful. And the expiations obligatory in that are upon the act, not what is besides it - except that when they are by occurrence upon need, there is no sin with them, while when they are upon other than need, then with them is sin. So expiation was obligatory for the act, not for what is besides it. And killing game is violating a sanctity other than bodies, while shaving hair is violating the sanctity of the body. So some causes of the body are more like some causes of the body than the game which is not of the causes of the body. And when what we mentioned is so, there is not in what this arguer argued with against us a proof for him in what he argued with against us. Then we considered whether anyone before these differers in this meaning, of the Companions of the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), preceded them.