4045 - حَدَّثَنَا عَلِيُّ بْنُ شَيْبَةَ ، قَالَ : حَدَّثَنَا يَزِيدُ بْنُ هَارُونَ ، قَالَ : أَخْبَرَنَا حَمَّادُ بْنُ سَلَمَةَ ، عَنْ عَمَّارِ بْنِ أَبِي عَمَّارٍ . عَنْ جَابِرِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اللهِ قَالَ : أُصِيبَ أَبِي وَلَهُ حَدِيقَتَانِ وَلِيَهُودِيٍّ عَلَيْهِ تَمْرٌ يَسْتَنْفِدُ مَا فِي الْحَدِيقَتَيْنِ ، فَأَتَيْنَا النَّبِيَّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فَسَأَلْنَاهُ فِي أَنْ يُكَلِّمَهُ فِي أَنْ يُؤَخِّرَ عَنَّا بَعْضَهُ فَكَلَّمَهُ فَأَبَى فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ : هَلُمَّ إِلَى تَمْرِكَ فَجُدَّهُ ، فَجَاءَنَا رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فَدَخَلَ إِلَى أَحَدِ الْحَدِيقَتَيْنِ وَهِيَ أَصْغَرُهُمَا ، فَقَالَ لَنَا : جُدُّوا فَجَعَلْنَا نَجُدُّ وَنَأْتِيهِ بِالْمِكْتَلِ فَيَدْعُو فِيهِ فَلَمَّا فَرَغْنَا قَالَ لِلْيَهُودِيِّ اكْتَلْ فَأَعْطَاهُ حَقَّهُ مِنْ أَصْغَرِ الْحَدِيقَتَيْنِ وَبَقِيَتْ لَنَا الْحَدِيقَةُ الْأُخْرَى . قَالَ أَبُو جَعْفَرٍ : فَفِي هَذِهِ الْآثَارِ سُؤَالُ رَسُولِ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ غُرَمَاءَ عَبْدِ [10/220] اللهِ بْنِ حَرَامٍ أَنْ يَقْبَلُوا ثَمَرَ حَائِطِهِ الَّذِي لَمْ يَقِفُوا عَلَى مِقْدَارِ كَيْلِهِ وَلَا عَلَى مِثْلِهِ الَّذِي يُقَابِلُهُ مِنْ دَيْنِهِمُ الَّذِي لَهُمْ عَلَيْهِ ، وَأَنْ يُحَلِّلُوهُ مِنْ بَقِيَّةِ دَيْنِهِمُ الَّذِي لَهُمْ عَلَيْهِ بِغَيْرِ وُقُوفٍ مِنْهُمْ عَلَى مِقْدَارِهِ مِنْ دَيْنِهِمُ الَّذِي لَهُمْ عَلَيْهِ . وَهَذَا مَعْنًى قَدِ اخْتَلَفَ أَهْلُ الْعِلْمِ فِيهِ فَأَجَازَ بَعْضُهُمُ الْبَرَاءَةَ مِنَ الدُّيُونِ الْمَعْلُومَةِ وَمِنَ الدُّيُونِ الْمَجْهُولَةِ عِنْدَ الْمُبَرِّئِ مِنْهَا ، وَمِمَّنْ كَانَ يَقُولُ ذَلِكَ مِنْهُمْ أَبُو حَنِيفَةَ وَأَصْحَابُهُ وَهُوَ مَعْنَى قَوْلِ مَالِكٍ . وَقَالَ بَعْضُهُمْ : لَا يَجُوزُ ذَلِكَ إِلَّا فِيمَا يَعْلَمُ الْمُبَرِّئُ وَالْمُبَرَّأُ وَيَقِفَانِ عَلَى مِقْدَارِهِ فِي وَقْتِ الْبَرَاءَةِ مِنْهُ ، وَمِمَّنْ قَالَ ذَلِكَ مِنْهُمُ الشَّافِعِيُّ . وَمِثْلُ ذَلِكَ مَا اخْتَلَفُوا فِيهِ مِنَ الصُّلْحِ مِنَ الْحُقُوقِ الَّتِي لِبَعْضِ النَّاسِ عَلَى بَعْضٍ عَلَى الْمَقَادِيرِ مِنْهَا الَّتِي مَا يَنْقُصُ عَنْهَا مِنْ جِنْسِهَا مِمَّا لَا يَعْلَمُ الْمُتَصَالِحَانِ مَقَادِيرَهَا مِمَّا اصْطَلَحَا عَلَيْهِ ، فَأَجَازَ ذَلِكَ بَعْضُهُمْ وَهُمُ الَّذِينَ ذَكَرْنَا فِي إِجَازَةِ الْبَرَاءَةِ الَّتِي وَصَفْنَا ، وَلَمْ يُجِزْ ذَلِكَ آخَرُونَ مِنْهُمُ الشَّافِعِيُّ . وَفِي هَذَا الْحَدِيثِ مَا قَدْ دَلَّ عَلَى جَوَازِ ذَلِكَ فِي الْبَرَاءَاتِ وَفِي الصُّلْحِ جَمِيعًا إِذْ كَانَ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ قَدْ سَأَلَ غَرِيمَ عَبْدِ اللهِ بْنِ حَرَامٍ أَنْ يَأْخُذَ ثَمَرَ ذَلِكَ الْحَائِطِ بِالَّذِي لَهُ عَلَيْهِ مِمَّا لَا يَعْرِفُ مِقْدَارَهُ مَا هُوَ ، وَيُحَلِّلُهُ مِنْ بَقِيَّةِ دَيْنِهِ مِمَّا لَا يَعْرِفُ مِقْدَارَهُ مَا هُوَ . وَفِي هَذَا الْحَدِيثِ أَيْضًا مَعْنًى آخَرُ يَقْضِي بَيْنَ الْمُخْتَلِفِينَ مِنْ أَهْلِ [10/221] الْعِلْمِ فِي صُلْحِ الْوَارِثِ غُرَمَاءَ أَبِيهِ الْمُتَوَفَّى مِنْ دَيْنِهِمُ الَّذِي لَهُمْ عَلَيْهِ عَلَى بَعْضِهِ ، هَلْ يَطِيبُ لَهُمْ ذَلِكَ وَيَطِيبُ لَهُمُ الْبَقِيَّةُ مِنْ تَرِكَتِهِ أَمْ لَا ، فَكُلُّ أَهْلِ الْعِلْمِ وَجَدْنَاهُمْ يُجِيزُونَ ذَلِكَ غَيْرَ الْأَوْزَاعِيِّ فَإِنَّهُ لَمْ يُجِزْهُ وَمَنَعَ الْوَارِثَ مِنْهُ ; لِأَنَّ غُرَمَاءَ أَبِيهِ أَوْلَى بِمَالِ أَبِيهِ مِنْهُ حَتَّى يَقْبِضُوا دُيُونَهُمْ مِنْهُ وَيَسْتَوْفُوهُ . وَفِيمَا رَوَيْنَا مِنْ طَلَبِ رَسُولِ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ مِنْ غَرِيمِ عَبْدِ اللهِ بْنِ حَرَامٍ مَا طَلَبَهُ مِنْهُ مِنَ الِانْتِظَارِ بِبَعْضِ دَيْنِهِ فِي بَعْضِ مَا رَوَيْنَا وَمِنْ ثُبُوتِ الدَّيْنِ عَلَى عَبْدِ اللهِ بْنِ حَرَامٍ وَانْتَفَى حِلُّهُ مِنْهُ حَتَّى يَقْضِيَ عَنْهُ مَا قَدْ دَلَّ عَلَى خِلَافِ ذَلِكَ ; لِأَنَّهُ إِذَا جَازَ أَنْ يُؤَخَّرَ الْغَرِيمُ بِدَيْنِهِ إِلَى وَقْتٍ مِنَ الْأَوْقَاتِ حَتَّى يَكُونَ فِي ثَمَرَةِ حَائِطِ الْمُتَوَفَّى مَا يُقْضَى بِهِ دَيْنُهُ وَيُسَلَّمُ بَقِيَّةُ ثَمَرَتِهِ لِوَارِثِهِ مَا قَدْ دَلَّ عَلَى خِلَافِ مَا قَالَهُ الْأَوْزَاعِيُّ مِمَّا ذَكَرْنَاهُ عَنْهُ . وَفِي حَدِيثِ يُونُسَ وَبَحْرٍ إِضَافَةُ الْحَائِطِ إِلَى جَابِرِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اللهِ وَفِي حَدِيثِ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اللهِ بْنِ عَبْدِ الْحَكَمِ إِضَافَتُهُ إِلَى عَبْدِ اللهِ بْنِ حَرَامٍ أَبِي جَابِرٍ ، فَكَانَ مَا فِي حَدِيثِ مُحَمَّدٍ عِنْدَنَا أَوْلَى الْمَعْنَيَيْنِ بِهِ لِمَا فِي حَدِيثِ عَلِيِّ بْنِ شَيْبَةَ ، عَنْ يَزِيدَ ، عَنْ حَمَّادٍ ، عَنْ عَمَّارٍ مِنْ تَخْلِيفِ عَبْدِ اللهِ بْنِ حَرَامٍ الْحَدِيقَتَيْنِ اللَّتَيْنِ قَضَى دَيْنَهُ مِنْ ثَمَرِ الصُّغْرَى مِنْهُمَا ، وَكَانَ قَوْلُ جَابِرٍ فِي غَيْرِهِ: ثَمَرُ حَائِطِي كَمَا يُضِيفُ النَّاسُ أَسْبَابَ مَنْ هُمْ مِنْهُمْ إِلَيْهِمْ لَا عَلَى الْحَقَائِقِ حَتَّى تَعَالَى ذَلِكَ إِلَى لُغَةِ رَسُولِ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ مِنْ قَوْلِهِ لِزَيْدِ بْنِ حَارِثَةَ لَمَّا قَضَى بَيْنَهُ وَبَيْنَ عَلِيٍّ وَجَعْفَرٍ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُمَا فِي ابْنَةِ حَمْزَةَ عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ فِيمَا قَضَى بِهِ بَيْنَهُمْ فِيهَا : وَأَمَّا أَنْتَ يَا زَيْدُ [10/222] فَمَوْلَايَ وَمَوْلَاهَا ، وَإِنَّمَا كَانَ وَلَاءُ زَيْدٍ لِرَسُولِ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ لَا لَهَا ، وَقَدْ ذَكَرْنَا ذَلِكَ بِإِسْنَادِهِ فِيمَا تَقَدَّمَ مِنَّا مِنْ كِتَابِنَا هَذَا ، وَاللهَ نَسْأَلُهُ التَّوْفِيقَ .
EnglishUnverified translation
4045 – Ali ibn Shaybah narrated to us — he said: Yazid ibn Harun narrated to us — he said: Hammad ibn Salamah informed us, from Ammar ibn Abi Ammar, from Jabir ibn Abd Allah, who said: My father was stricken (martyred) leaving two gardens, while dates owed to a Jew upon him consumed all that was in the two gardens. So we came to the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) and asked him to speak to him to defer part of it from us. He spoke to him, but he refused. Then the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said: Come, harvest your dates. Then the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) came to us and entered one of the two gardens, the smaller of the two, and said to us: Harvest. So we began harvesting and bringing him the basket, and he would supplicate over it. When we finished, he said to the Jew: Measure out. So he gave him his due from the smaller of the two gardens, and the other garden remained for us. Abu Jafar said: In these reports is the request of the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) to the creditors of Abd Allah ibn Haram that they accept the fruit of his walled garden — whose measured amount they had not ascertained, nor the equivalent of it matching their debt upon him — and that they release him from the remainder of their debt upon him, without their ascertaining its amount relative to their debt upon him. This is a matter over which the people of knowledge differed: some of them permitted release from known debts and from debts unknown to the one granting the release — among those who held that were Abu Hanifah and his companions, and that is the import of the saying of Malik. Others said: That is not permitted except regarding what both the one granting release and the one released know and ascertain the amount of at the time of the release — among those who said that was al-Shafii. Likewise what they differed over concerning settlement of claims that some people have upon others, for amounts thereof — short of their full measure — of their own kind, whose amounts the two settling parties do not know of what they settled upon: some of them permitted that, and they are those we mentioned regarding permission of the release we described, while others did not permit it, among them al-Shafii. In this hadith is what indicates the permissibility of that in releases and in settlements together, since the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) asked the creditor of Abd Allah ibn Haram to take the fruit of that garden in settlement of what was due to him upon him, whose amount he did not know what it was, and to release him from the remainder of his debt, whose amount he did not know what it was. In this hadith is also another meaning that decides between those among the people of knowledge who differ concerning the heir settling with the creditors of his deceased father for part of their debt upon him: is that lawful for them, and is the remainder of his estate lawful for them, or not? We found all the people of knowledge permitting that except al-Awzai, for he did not permit it and barred the heir from it, because the creditors of his father have more right to his father's wealth than he does until they take their debts from it in full. In what we narrated of the request of the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) to the creditor of Abd Allah ibn Haram — what he requested of him by way of waiting for part of his debt, in part of what we narrated — and of the debt remaining established upon Abd Allah ibn Haram, with no release from it until it is paid off on his behalf, is what indicates contrary to that: for if it is permitted for the creditor to be deferred for his debt until a time when the fruit of the deceased's garden contains what pays his debt and the remainder of its fruit is delivered to his heir, that indicates contrary to what al-Awzai said of what we mentioned from him. In the hadith of Yunus and Bahr, the garden is attributed to Jabir ibn Abd Allah, while in the hadith of Muhammad ibn Abd Allah ibn Abd al-Hakam it is attributed to Abd Allah ibn Haram, the father of Jabir. What is in the hadith of Muhammad is in our view worthier of the two meanings, because of what is in the hadith of Ali ibn Shaybah, from Yazid, from Hammad, from Ammar — of Abd Allah ibn Haram leaving behind the two gardens, whose debt was paid from the fruit of the smaller of the two. And the saying of Jabir in others: the fruit of my garden, is as people attribute the belongings of those connected to them to themselves, not upon literal fact — to the point that that ascended to the speech of the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), in his saying to Zayd ibn Harithah, when he judged between him and Ali and Jafar, may Allah be pleased with them, concerning the daughter of Hamzah, peace be upon him, in what he judged between them concerning her: As for you, O Zayd, you are my freedman and hers — though the allegiance (wala) of Zayd was to the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), not to her. We have mentioned that with its chain in what preceded from us in this book of ours. And Allah we ask for providence.