2201 - حَدَّثَنَا رَوْحُ بْنُ الْفَرَجِ ، قَالَ : حَدَّثَنَا يُوسُفُ بْنُ عَدِيٍّ [5/450] الْكُوفِيُّ ، قَالَ : حَدَّثَنَا أَبُو الْأَحْوَصِ ، عَنْ سِمَاكِ بْنِ حَرْبٍ ، عَنْ حَنَشِ بْنِ الْمُعْتَمِرِ ، قَالَ : حُفِرَتْ زُبْيَةٌ لِأَسَدٍ بِالْيَمَنِ ، فَوَقَعَ فِيهَا الْأَسَدُ فَأَصْبَحَ النَّاسُ يَتَدَافَعُونَ عَلَى رَأْسِهَا فَهَوَى فِيهَا رَجُلٌ فَتَعَلَّقَ بِآخَرَ فَتَعَلَّقَ الْآخَرُ بِآخَرَ فَتَعَلَّقَ الْآخَرُ بِآخَرَ فَهَوَى فِيهَا أَرْبَعَةٌ فَهَلَكُوا جَمِيعًا ، فَلَمْ يَدْرِ النَّاسُ كَيْفَ يَصْنَعُونَ ؟ فَجَاءَ عَلِيٌّ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ فَقَالَ : إِنْ شِئْتُمْ أَنْ أَقْضِيَ بَيْنَكُمْ بِقَضَاءٍ يَكُونُ حَاجِزًا بَيْنَكُمْ حَتَّى تَأْتُوا رَسُولَ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ قَالَ : فَإِنِّي أَجْعَلُ عَلَى مَنْ حَضَرَ الْبِئْرَ الدِّيَةَ ، فَأَجْعَلُ لِلْأَوَّلِ الَّذِي هَوَى فِي الْبِئْرِ رُبُعَ الدِّيَةِ وَلِلثَّانِي ثُلُثَ الدِّيَةِ ، وَلِلثَّالِثِ نِصْفَ الدِّيَةِ ، وَلِلرَّابِعِ الدِّيَةَ كَامِلَةً ، قَالَ فَرَغِبُوا عَنْ ذَلِكَ حَتَّى أَتَوْا رَسُولَ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فَأَخْبَرُوهُ بِقَضَاءِ عَلِيٍّ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ فَأَجَازَ الْقَضَاءَ . قَالَ أَبُو جَعْفَرٍ : فَتَأَمَّلْنَا هَذَا الْحَدِيثَ لِنَقِفَ عَلَى الْوَجْهِ الَّذِي فِيهِ حَكَمَ عَلِيٌّ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ بِمَا حَكَمَ بِهِ مِمَّا ذَكَرَ فِيهِ إِنْ شَاءَ اللهُ ، فَوَجَدْنَا فِي حَدِيثِ رَوْحٍ أَنَّ الَّذِينَ كَانُوا عَلَى رَأْسِ الزُّبْيَةِ كَانُوا يَتَدَافَعُونَ حَتَّى يَسْقُطُوا فِيهَا . وَوَجَدْنَا فِي حَدِيثِ فَهْدٍ سُقُوطَ بَعْضِهِمْ عَلَى بَعْضٍ لِأَنَّ فِيهِ : فَلِلْأَوَّلِ رُبُعُ الدِّيَةِ لِأَنَّهُ هَلَكَ مِنْ فَوْقِهِ ثَلَاثَةٌ وَلِلَّذِي يَلِيهِ ثُلُثُ الدِّيَةِ لِأَنَّهُ هَلَكَ مِنْ فَوْقِهِ اثْنَانِ وَلِلثَّالِثِ نِصْفُ الدِّيَةِ لِأَنَّهُ هَلَكَ مِنْ فَوْقِهِ وَاحِدٌ . فَعَقَلْنَا بِمَا فِي حَدِيثِ رَوْحٍ أَنَّ الَّذِينَ كَانُوا عَلَى الزُّبْيَةِ جَانُونَ عَلَى [5/451] السَّاقِطِينَ وَاحْتَمَلَ أَنْ يَكُونَ السَّاقِطُونَ فِيهَا كَانُوا مَعَ ذَلِكَ مُتَشَابِكِينَ . فَكَانَ الْأَوَّلُ مِنْهُمْ سُقُوطًا بِجَرِّهِ الَّذِي يَلِيهِ جَارًّا لِلْآخَرَيْنِ الَّذَيْنِ يَلِيَانِهِ إِذَا كَانَ بَعْضُهُمْ مُتَشَابِكًا لِبَعْضٍ كَانَ جَرَّ الَّذِي جَرَّ أَوَّلَهُمْ جَرًّا مِنْهُ لِبَقِيَّتِهِمْ ، وَكَانَ مَوْتُ الْأَوَّلِ مِنْهُمْ مِنْ دَفْعِ مَنْ كَانَ عَلَى رَأْسِ الزُّبْيَةِ إِيَّاهُ فِي الزُّبْيَةِ ، وَمِنْ سُقُوطِ ثَلَاثَةٍ مِنَ الرِّجَالِ السَّاقِطِينَ فِيهَا عَلَيْهِ بِجَرِّهِ إِيَّاهُمْ عَلَى نَفْسِهِ فَكَانَ مَيِّتًا بِالْأَرْبَعَةِ الْأَشْيَاءِ . أَحَدُهَا الدَّفْعُ الْمَجْهُولُ فَاعِلُوهُ مِنَ الْقَوْمِ الَّذِينَ كَانُوا عَلَى شَفِيرِ الزُّبْيَةِ فَعَادَ حُكْمُهُ إِلَى حُكْمِ دَفْعِ رَجُلٍ وَاحِدٍ ، وَمِنْ ثِقَلِ ثَلَاثَةِ رِجَالٍ هُوَ الَّذِي جَرَّهُمْ عَلَى نَفْسِهِ حَتَّى سَقَطُوا عَلَيْهِ فَوَجَبَ لَهُ رُبُعُ دِيَةِ نَفْسِهِ بِالدَّفْعَةِ ، وَسَقَطَ مِنْ دِيَتِهِ ثَلَاثَةُ أَرْبَاعِهَا إِذْ كَانَ هُوَ سَبَبُ سُقُوطِ الثَّلَاثَةِ الرِّجَالِ الَّذِينَ سَقَطُوا عَلَيْهِ . وَوَجَدْنَا الثَّانِيَ مِنَ السَّاقِطِينَ فِيهَا مَيِّتًا مِنَ الدَّفْعَةِ الْمَجْهُولَةِ فَاعِلُوهَا مِنَ الرِّجَالِ الَّذِينَ عَلَى شَفِيرِ الزُّبْيَةِ وَمِنْ جَرِّهِ رَجُلَيْنِ عَلَيْهِ حَتَّى مَاتَ مِنْ ثِقَلِهِمَا عَلَيْهِ وَمِنْ سُقُوطِهِ فِي الزُّبْيَةِ فَكَانَ ثُلُثُ دِيَتِهِ بِالدَّفْعَةِ وَاجِبًا لَهُ عَلَى أَهْلِهَا وَكَانَ مَا بَقِيَ مِنْ دِيَتِهِ مِمَّا كَانَ هُوَ سَبَبُهُ هَدَرًا . وَوَجَدْنَا الثَّالِثَ أَيْضًا كَانَ تَلَفُهُ بِالدَّفْعَةِ الْمَجْهُولِ أَهْلُهَا وَبِجَرِّهِ الرَّابِعَ عَلَيْهِ فَوَجَبَ لَهُ نِصْفُ دِيَتِهِ بِالدَّفْعَةِ ، وَبَطَلَ نِصْفُ دِيَتِهِ لِأَنَّهُ كَانَ السَّبَبَ لِتَلَفِ مَا تَلِفَ مِنْهَا بِجَرِّهِ الَّذِي جَرَّهُ عَلَى نَفْسِهِ . وَوَجَدْنَا الرَّابِعَ تَالِفًا مِنَ الدَّفْعَةِ الْمَجْهُولِ فَاعِلُوهَا لَا مِنْ سِوَاهَا فَوَجَبَ لَهُ بِذَلِكَ جَمِيعُ دِيَتِهِ عَلَى مَنْ وَجَبَتْ عَلَيْهِ ، [5/452] فَإِنْ قَالَ قَائِلٌ : فَكَيْفَ وَجَبَ عَلَى ذَوِي الدَّفْعَةِ مَا ذَكَرْتَ وَأَنْتَ تَعْلَمُ أَنَّ الدَّفْعَةَ الَّتِي بِهَا كَانَ ذَلِكَ السُّقُوطُ إِنَّمَا كَانَ مِنْ حَاضِرٍ مِمَّنْ كَانَ عَلَى الزُّبْيَةِ لَا مِنْ كُلِّهِمْ فَقَدْ كَانَ يَنْبَغِي إِذَا جَهِلْتَ ذَلِكَ الْحَاضِرَ أَنْ تَجْعَلَ الْوَاجِبَ فِي ذَلِكَ هَدَرًا لِأَنَّهُ لَا يُدْرَى عَلَى مَنْ هُوَ . فَكَانَ جَوَابُنَا لَهُ فِي ذَلِكَ بِتَوْفِيقِ اللهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ وَعَوْنِهِ أَنَّ الْأَمْرَ فِي ذَلِكَ لَيْسَ كَمَا ذَكَرَ وَلَكِنَّهُ رَجَعَ الْحُكْمُ فِي ذَلِكَ إِلَى نَفَرٍ اجْتَمَعُوا فَاقْتَتَلُوا فَأَجْلَوْا عَنْ قَتِيلٍ مِنْهُمْ ، وَلَمْ يُدْرَ مَنْ قَتَلَهُ مِنْهُمْ فَدِيَتُهُ عَلَى عَوَاقِلِهِمْ جَمِيعًا كَمَا جَعَلَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ دِيَةَ الْقَتِيلِ مِنَ الْأَنْصَارِ الْمَوْجُودِ بِخَيْبَرَ لَا يُدْرَى مَنْ قَتَلَهُ عَلَى الْيَهُودِ الَّذِينَ كَانُوا بِخَيْبَرَ حِينَئِذٍ ، وَكَانَتْ خَيْبَرُ دَارَهُمْ فَمِثْلُ ذَلِكَ هَؤُلَاءِ الْمُقْتَتِلُونَ الَّذِينَ قَدْ حَضَرُوا الْمَكَانَ الَّذِي اقْتَتَلُوا فِيهِ ، وَصَارَتْ أَيْدِيهِمْ عَلَيْهِ دُونَ أَيْدِي غَيْرِهِمْ يَكُونُ بِهِ مَنْ أُصِيبَ فِيهِ قَتِيلًا مِمَّنْ جَهِلَ مَنْ قَتَلَهُ عَلَيْهِمْ جَمِيعًا عَلَى عَوَاقِلِهِمْ . فَإِنْ قَالَ : قَائِلٌ فَإِنَّ فِي حَدِيثِ فَهْدٍ الَّذِي ذَكَرْتَ فَجَرَحَهُمُ الْأَسَدُ كُلَّهُمْ وَمَاتُوا مِنْ جِرَاحِهِمْ كُلُّهُمْ فَفِي ذَلِكَ مَا قَدْ دَلَّ عَلَى أَنَّ حُكْمَ مَوْتِهِمْ مِنَ الْجِرَاحِ الَّتِي كَانَتْ مِنَ الْأَسَدِ فِيهِمْ لَا مِمَّا سِوَاهَا . كَانَ جَوَابُنَا لَهُ فِي ذَلِكَ - بِتَوْفِيقِ اللهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ وَعَوْنِهِ - أَنَّ سَبَبَ جِرَاحَةِ الْأَسَدِ إِيَّاهُمْ كَانَ مِنَ الدَّفْعَةِ الَّتِي كَانَ عَنْهَا سُقُوطُهُمْ فِي الزُّبْيَةِ وَمِنْ ثِقَلِ بَعْضِهِمْ عَلَى بَعْضٍ حَتَّى كَانَ عَنْ ذَلِكَ مَوْتُهُمْ بِجِرَاحَةِ الْأَسَدِ إِيَّاهُمْ فَكَانَ مِثْلُ ذَلِكَ كَرَجُلٍ دَفَعَ رَجُلًا فِي بِئْرٍ حَتَّى وَقَعَ فِيهَا عَلَى حَجَرٍ فَمَاتَ مِنْ سُقُوطِهِ عَلَى ذَلِكَ الْحَجَرِ أَوْ كَانَتْ فِيهَا سِكِّينٌ فَمَاتَ مِنْ سُقُوطِهِ عَلَى تِلْكَ السِّكِّينِ فَالْحُكْمُ فِي ذَهَابِ نَفْسِهِ أَنَّ الْوَاجِبَ [5/453] فِيهِ عَلَى مَنْ كَانَ سَبَبًا لِمَوْتِهِ مِمَّا مَاتَ مِنْهُ مِمَّا ذَكَرْنَا دُونَ مَا سِوَاهُ ، وَفِي هَذَا الْحُكْمِ مَا دَفَعَ مَا قَدْ كَانَ الْأَوْزَاعِيُّ يَقُولُهُ فِيمَنْ قَتَلَ نَفْسَهُ عَلَى سَبِيلِ خَطَأٍ كَانَ مِنْهُ عَلَيْهَا أَنَّ دِيَتَهُ تَكُونُ عَلَى عَاقِلَتِهِ كَمَا تَكُونُ عَلَيْهَا لَوْ قَتَلَهُ رَجُلٌ مِنْهَا سِوَاهُ وَلَمْ نَجِدْ هَذَا الْقَوْلَ عَنْ أَحَدٍ مِنْ أَهْلِ الْعِلْمِ غَيْرَهُ ، وَاللهَ تَعَالَى نَسْأَلُهُ التَّوْفِيقَ .
EnglishUnverified translation
2201 - Rawh ibn al-Faraj narrated to us, he said: Yusuf ibn Adi al-Kufi narrated to us, he said: Abu al-Ahwas narrated to us, from Simak ibn Harb, from Hanash ibn al-Mutamir, he said: A pit was dug for a lion in Yemen, and the lion fell into it. In the morning people crowded pushing at its edge, and a man fell into it and clung to another, and the other clung to another, and the other clung to another, so four fell into it and all perished. The people did not know what to do. Ali (may Allah be pleased with him) came and said: If you wish I shall judge between you with a judgment that will be a barrier between you until you come to the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him). He said: I place the blood-money upon those who attended the well: I make for the first who fell into the well a quarter of the blood-money, for the second a third of the blood-money, for the third half the blood-money, and for the fourth the complete blood-money. They turned away from that until they came to the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) and informed him of the judgment of Ali (may Allah be pleased with him), and he approved the judgment. Abu Jafar said: We examined this hadith to understand the aspect in which Ali (may Allah be pleased with him) judged what he judged of what is mentioned in it, Allah willing. We found in the hadith of Rawh that those on the edge of the pit were pushing one another until they fell into it. And we found in the hadith of Fahd the falling of some upon others, for in it: for the first a quarter of the blood-money because three perished above him, for the one next to him a third because two perished above him, for the third half because one perished above him. So we understood by what is in the hadith of Rawh that those on the pit were offenders against the fallen, and it is possible the fallen were also entangled together. The first of them fell by dragging the one next to him, dragging the other two next to him, since some were entangled with others, so the dragging of the one who dragged the first of them was a dragging from him of the rest of them. The death of the first of them was from the push of those on the edge of the pit pushing him into the pit, and from the falling of three fallen men upon him by his dragging them upon himself, so he died by the four things: one of them the push whose doers among the people on the edge of the pit are unknown, so its ruling goes back to the ruling of the push of one man; and the weight of three men whom he dragged upon himself until they fell upon him. So a quarter of his blood-money was due to him for the push, and three quarters of his blood-money fell since he was the cause of the falling of the three men who fell upon him. And we found the second of the fallen dead from the push unknown as to its doers among the men on the edge of the pit, and from his dragging two men upon himself until he died from their weight upon him, and from his falling into the pit; so a third of his blood-money was due to him for the push upon its people, and what remained of his blood-money of what he was its cause was void. And we found the third likewise perished by the push unknown as to its people and by his dragging the fourth upon himself, so half his blood-money was due to him for the push, and half his blood-money was void because he was the cause of the perishing of what perished of it by his dragging whom he dragged upon himself. And we found the fourth perished from the push unknown as to its doers, not from other than it, so all his blood-money was due to him upon those upon whom it was due. If someone says: How did what you mentioned become obligatory upon those who pushed, while you know the push by which that falling occurred was only from someone present among those on the pit, not from all of them? It would have been proper, since that present one is unknown, to make the obligation in that void, since it is not known upon whom it is. Our answer to him in that, by the success-giving of Allah the Mighty and Majestic and His aid: the matter in that is not as he mentioned; rather the ruling in that goes back to a group who gathered and fought and dispersed from a slain one among them, not known who of them killed him, so his blood-money is upon all their aqilahs, as the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) placed the blood-money of the slain man of the Ansar found at Khaybar, not known who killed him, upon the Jews who were at Khaybar then, since Khaybar was their abode. Like that are these fighters who attended the place in which they fought, whose hands were upon it to the exclusion of others: whoever is struck therein slain of those unknown who killed him is upon all of them, upon their aqilahs. If he says: In the hadith of Fahd which you mentioned: the lion wounded all of them and they all died of their wounds, so in that is what indicates the ruling of their death is from the wounds the lion inflicted on them, not from other than it. Our answer to him in that - by the success-giving of Allah the Mighty and Majestic and His aid - is that the cause of the lion wounding them was the push by which their falling into the pit occurred, and the weight of some upon others, until their death resulted thereby by the lion wounding them. Like that is as a man who pushes a man into a well until he falls in it upon a stone and dies from his falling upon that stone, or there is a knife in it and he dies from his falling upon that knife: the ruling in the loss of his life is that the obligation in it is upon whoever was the cause of his death by what he died of what we mentioned, to the exclusion of other than it. And in this ruling is what refutes what al-Awzai used to say about one who kills himself by way of a mistake from him upon it, that his blood-money is upon his aqilah as it would be upon it had a man other than him killed him; and we have not found this saying from anyone of the people of knowledge besides him. And Allah the Exalted we ask for success.