1286 - حَدَّثَنَا يُونُسُ وَبَحْرُ بْنُ نَصْرٍ قَالَا : حَدَّثَنَا عَبْدُ اللهِ بْنُ وَهْبٍ قَالَ : وَأَخْبَرَنِي دَاوُدُ بْنُ قَيْسٍ ، عَنْ عَبْدِ اللهِ بْنِ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عَقِيلِ بْنِ أَبِي طَالِبٍ ، عَنْ جَابِرِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اللهِ أَنَّ امْرَأَةَ سَعْدِ بْنِ الرَّبِيعِ قَالَتْ : يَا رَسُولَ اللهِ ، إِنَّ سَعْدًا هَلَكَ وَتَرَكَ ابْنَتَيْهِ وَأَخَاهُ ، فَعَمَدَ أَخُوهُ فَقَبَضَ مَا تَرَكَ سَعْدٌ ، وَإِنَّمَا تُنْكَحُ النِّسَاءُ عَلَى أَمْوَالِهِنَّ ، فَلَمْ يُجِبْهَا فِي مَجْلِسِهِ ذَلِكَ . ثُمَّ جَاءَتْهُ ، فَقَالَتْ : يَا رَسُولَ اللهِ ، ابْنَتَا سَعْدٍ ! فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ - صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ - : ادْعِي أَخَاهُ . فَجَاءَ فَقَالَ : ادْفَعْ إِلَى ابْنَتَيْهِ الثُّلُثَيْنِ ، وَإِلَى امْرَأَتِهِ الثُّمُنَ ، وَلَكَ مَا بَقِيَ . قَالَ أَبُو جَعْفَرٍ : فَتَأَمَّلْنَا قَوْلَهُ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ : { فَإِنْ كُنَّ نِسَاءً فَوْقَ اثْنَتَيْنِ فَلَهُنَّ ثُلُثَا مَا تَرَكَ } فَكَانَ ظَاهِرُهُ عَلَى أَنَّ الثُّلُثَيْنِ فِي هَذِهِ الْآيَةِ إِنَّمَا جُعِلَ لِمَنْ فَوْقَ الِاثْنَتَيْنِ مِنَ الْبَنَاتِ لَا الِاثْنَتَيْنِ مِنْهُنَّ ، وَكَانَ ذَلِكَ مِمَّا قَدْ تَعَلَّقَ بِهِ قَوْمٌ ، وَذَهَبُوا إِلَى مَا يُرْوَى عَنْ عَبْدِ اللهِ بْنِ عَبَّاسٍ فِي الِاثْنَتَيْنِ مِنَ الْبَنَاتِ أَنَّ لَهُمَا النِّصْفَ مِنْ مِيرَاثِ أَبِيهِمَا كَمَا يَكُونُ لِلْوَاحِدَةِ مِنَ الْبَنَاتِ [3/322] مِنْ مِيرَاثِ أَبِيهِمَا ، وَأَنَّ الثُّلُثَيْنِ إِنَّمَا يَسْتَحِقُّ فِي ذَلِكَ مِنَ الْبَنَاتِ مَنْ كَانَ عَدَدُهُ فَوْقَ الِاثْنَتَيْنِ ثَلَاثٌ أَوْ أَكْثَرُ مِنْ ذَلِكَ . وَهَذَا قَوْلٌ لَمْ نَجِدْهُ عِنْدَ أَحَدٍ مِنْ أَصْحَابِ رَسُولِ اللهِ - صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ - سِوَى عَبْدِ اللهِ بْنِ عَبَّاسٍ . وَوَجَدْنَا قَوْلَ فُقَهَاءِ الْأَمْصَارِ مِنْ بَعْدِ عَبْدِ اللهِ بْنِ عَبَّاسٍ إِلَى يَوْمِنَا هَذَا عَلَى خِلَافِ مَا رُوِيَ عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ فِيهِ ، وَكَانَ قَوْلُ اللهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ : { فَوْقَ اثْنَتَيْنِ } فِي هَذَا عِنْدَهُمْ فِي مَعْنَى : فَإِنْ كُنَّ نِسَاءً اثْنَتَيْنِ . وَقَوْلُهُ : { فَوْقَ } صِلَةٌ كَمَا قَالَ اللهُ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ : { فَاضْرِبُوا فَوْقَ الأَعْنَاقِ } فِي مَعْنَى : فَاضْرِبُوا الْأَعْنَاقَ . وَقَالَ : { فَإِذَا لَقِيتُمُ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا فَضَرْبَ الرِّقَابِ } وَهِيَ الْأَعْنَاقُ ، وَفَوْقَ صِلَةٌ ؛ لِأَنَّ مَا فَوْقَ الْأَعْنَاقِ هُوَ عِظَامُ الرَّأْسِ ، وَلَيْسَتِ الْأَعْنَاقُ مِنْهَا فِي شَيْءٍ . وَالضَّرْبُ الْمُرَادُ بِذَلِكَ الْمُسْتَعْمَلُ فِيهِ هُوَ ضَرْبُ الْأَعْنَاقِ لَا مَا سِوَاهَا . وَوَجَدْنَا مَا قَدْ دَلَّ عَلَى مَا قَالُوا مِنْ تَوْرِيثِهِمُ الْبِنْتَيْنِ الثُّلُثَيْنِ مَا فِي آخِرِ السُّورَةِ الْمَذْكُورَةِ فِيهَا هَذِهِ الْآيَةُ ، وَهِيَ سُورَةُ النِّسَاءِ وَهِيَ قَوْلُهُ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ : يَسْتَفْتُونَكَ { قُلِ اللهُ يُفْتِيكُمْ فِي الْكَلالَةِ إِنِ امْرُؤٌ هَلَكَ لَيْسَ لَهُ وَلَدٌ وَلَهُ أُخْتٌ فَلَهَا نِصْفُ مَا تَرَكَ } إِلَى قَوْلِهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ : { فَإِنْ كَانَتَا اثْنَتَيْنِ فَلَهُمَا الثُّلُثَانِ مِمَّا تَرَكَ } . فَكَانَ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ قَدْ جَعَلَ لِلْأُخْتِ الْوَاحِدَةِ مِنْ مِيرَاثِ أُخْتِهَا فِي هَذِهِ الْآيَةِ كَمَا جَعَلَ لِلْبِنْتِ الْوَاحِدَةِ مِنْ مِيرَاثِ أَبِيهَا فِي الْآيَةِ الْأُخْرَى ، وَكَانَتِ الْبِنْتُ أَوْكَدَ نَسَبًا مِنْ أَبِيهَا مِنَ الْأُخْتِ مِنْ أُخْتِهَا . ثُمَّ قَالَ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ : { فَإِنْ كَانَتَا اثْنَتَيْنِ } يَعْنِي مِنَ الْأَخَوَاتِ فَلَهُمَا الثُّلُثَانِ مِمَّا تَرَكَ يَعْنِي : مَا تَرَكَهُ أَخُوهُمَا . فَلَمَّا كَانَ لِلِاثْنَتَيْنِ مِنَ الْأَخَوَاتِ الثُّلُثَانِ مِمَّا تَرَكَهُ أَخُوهُمَا كَانَتِ الِاثْنَتَانِ مِنَ الْبَنَاتِ فِيمَا تَرَكَهُ أَبُوهُمَا بِذَلِكَ أَوْلَى وَاسْتِحْقَاقُهُمَا إِيَّاهُ مِنْهُ أَحْرَى ، وَاللهَ نَسْأَلُهُ التَّوْفِيقَ .
EnglishUnverified translation
1286 - Yunus and Bahr ibn Nasr narrated to us, they said: Abdillah ibn Wahb narrated to us, he said: And Dawud ibn Qays informed me, from Abdillah ibn Muhammad ibn Aqil ibn Abi Talib, from Jabir ibn Abdillah, that the wife of Sad ibn al-Rabi said: O Messenger of Allah, Sad has perished and left his two daughters and his brother, so his brother set out and seized what Sad left, and women are only married for their wealth, but he did not answer her in that sitting. Then she came to him and said: O Messenger of Allah, the two daughters of Sad. So the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said: Call his brother. He came, and he said: Pay to his two daughters two-thirds, to his wife one-eighth, and what remains is yours. Abu Jafar said: We examined His saying, Mighty and Majestic: But if they are women, more than two, then for them is two-thirds of what he left. Its apparent meaning was that the two-thirds in this verse was assigned only to those daughters who are more than two, not to two of them. That was among what some people clung to, holding the view narrated from Abdillah ibn Abbas concerning two daughters, that they have half of their father's inheritance, just as one daughter has of her father's inheritance, and that the two-thirds is deserved in that only by those daughters whose number is more than two - three or more. This is a view we have not found with anyone among the Companions of the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) besides Abdillah ibn Abbas. We found the saying of the jurists of the regions after Abdillah ibn Abbas until our day contrary to what was narrated from Ibn Abbas about it. The saying of Allah, Mighty and Majestic: More than two, in this, in their view means: But if they are women, two. And His saying: More than, is superfluous, as Allah, Mighty and Majestic, said: So strike above the necks, meaning: Strike the necks. And He said: When you meet those who disbelieve, then striking the necks - and they are the necks - and above is superfluous, because what is above the necks is the bones of the head, and the necks are not part of them at all. The striking intended by that and applied in it is striking the necks, nothing else. And we found what indicates what they said, of giving two daughters two-thirds, in what is at the end of the surah in which this verse is mentioned, namely Surah al-Nisa, and it is His saying, Mighty and Majestic: They ask you for a ruling. Say: Allah gives you a ruling concerning kalalah: if a man perishes having no child and he has a sister, then for her is half of what he left - up to His saying, Mighty and Majestic: But if they are two, then for them is two-thirds of what he left. So Allah, Mighty and Majestic, assigned to the single sister from her sibling's inheritance in this verse as He assigned to the single daughter from her father's inheritance in the other verse, while the daughter is of stronger kinship to her father than the sister is to her sibling. Then Allah, Mighty and Majestic, said: But if they are two, meaning of sisters, then for them is two-thirds of what he left, meaning what their brother left. Since two sisters have two-thirds of what their brother left, two daughters are more entitled to that in what their father left, and their deserving it from him is more proper. And Allah we ask for success.