7407 - حَدَّثَنَا عَلِيُّ بْنُ زَيْدٍ قَالَ : ثَنَا عَبْدَةُ بْنُ سُلَيْمَانَ ، قَالَ : أَنَا ابْنُ الْمُبَارَكِ ، عَنْ مَعْمَرٍ ، عَنِ ابْنِ طَاوُسٍ قَالَ : أَخْبَرَنِي أَبِي ، عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ ، أَنَّهُ قَالَ : قَالَ اللهُ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ : { إِنِ امْرُؤٌ هَلَكَ لَيْسَ لَهُ وَلَدٌ وَلَهُ أُخْتٌ فَلَهَا نِصْفُ مَا تَرَكَ } . قَالَ ابْنُ عَبَّاسٍ : فَقُلْتُمْ أَنْتُمْ : لَهَا النِّصْفُ ، وَإِنْ كَانَ لَهُ وَلَدٌ . [4/391] وَخَالَفَهُمْ فِي ذَلِكَ آخَرُونَ ، فَقَالُوا : بَلْ لِلِابْنَةِ النِّصْفُ ، وَمَا بَقِيَ بَيْنَ الْأَخِ وَالْأُخْتِ ؛ لِلذَّكَرِ مِثْلُ حَظِّ الْأُنْثَيَيْنِ . وَإِنْ لَمْ يَكُنْ مَعَ الِابْنَةِ غَيْرُ الْأُخْتِ ، كَانَ لِلِابْنَةِ النِّصْفُ ، وَلِلْأُخْتِ مَا بَقِيَ . وَكَانَ مِنَ الْحُجَّةِ لَهُمْ فِي ذَلِكَ أَنَّ حَدِيثَ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ الَّذِي ذَكَرُوا ، عَلَى مَا ذَكَرْنَا فِي أَوَّلِ هَذَا الْبَابِ ، لَيْسَ مَعْنَاهُ ، عِنْدَنَا ، عَلَى مَا حَمَلُوهُ عَلَيْهِ . وَلَكِنْ مَعْنَاهُ عِنْدَنَا - وَاللهُ أَعْلَمُ - مَا أَبْقَتِ الْفَرَائِضُ بَعْدَ السِّهَامِ ، فَلِأَوْلَى رَجُلٍ ذَكَرٍ كَعَمَّةٍ وَعَمٍّ ، فَالْبَاقِي لِلْعَمِّ ، دُونَ الْعَمَّةِ ؛ لِأَنَّهُمَا فِي دَرَجَةٍ وَاحِدَةٍ ، مُتَسَاوِيَانِ فِي النَّسَبِ ، وَفُضِّلَ الْعَمُّ عَلَى الْعَمَّةِ فِي ذَلِكَ ، بِأَنْ كَانَ ذَكَرًا . فَهَذَا مَعْنَى قَوْلِهِ : مَا أَبْقَتِ الْفَرَائِضُ فَلِأَوْلَى رَجُلٍ ذَكَرٍ ، وَلَيْسَ الْأُخْتُ مَعَ أَخِيهَا بِدَاخِلَيْنِ فِي ذَلِكَ . وَالدَّلِيلُ عَلَى مَا ذَكَرْنَا ، مِنْ ذَلِكَ ، أَنَّهُمْ أَجْمَعُوا فِي بِنْتٍ وَبِنْتِ ابْنٍ ، وَابْنِ ابْنٍ ، أَنَّ لِلِابْنَةِ النِّصْفَ ، وَمَا بَقِيَ فَبَيْنَ ابْنِ الِابْنِ ، وَابْنَةِ الِابْنِ ، لِلذَّكَرِ مِثْلُ حَظِّ الْأُنْثَيَيْنِ ، وَلَمْ يَجْعَلُوا مَا بَقِيَ بَعْدَ نَصِيبِ الِابْنَةِ لِابْنِ الِابْنِ خَاصَّةً ، دُونَ ابْنَةِ الِابْنِ . وَلَمْ يَكُنْ مَعْنَى قَوْلِ رَسُولِ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ : فَمَا أَبْقَتِ الْفَرَائِضُ فَلِأَوْلَى رَجُلٍ ذَكَرٍ عَلَى ذَلِكَ ، إِنَّمَا هُوَ عَلَى غَيْرِهِ . فَلَمَّا ثَبَتَ أَنَّ هَذَا خَارِجٌ مِنْهُ بِاتِّفَاقِهِمْ ، وَثَبَتَ أَنَّ الْعَمَّ وَالْعَمَّةَ دَاخِلَانِ فِي ذَلِكَ بِاتِّفَاقِهِمْ ، إِذْ جَعَلُوا مَا بَقِيَ بَعْدَ نَصِيبِ الِابْنَةِ لِلْعَمِّ دُونَ الْعَمَّةِ . ثُمَّ اخْتَلَفُوا فِي الْأُخْتِ مَعَ الْأَخِ ، فَقَالَ قَوْمٌ : هُمَا كَالْعَمَّةِ مَعَ الْعَمِّ ، وَقَالَ آخَرُونَ : هُمَا كَابْنِ الِابْنِ وَابْنَةِ الِابْنِ . فَنَظَرْنَا فِي ذَلِكَ ؛ لِنَعْطِفَ مَا اخْتَلَفُوا فِيهِ مِنْهُ ، عَلَى مَا أَجْمَعُوا عَلَيْهِ . فَرَأَيْنَا الْأَصْلَ الْمُتَّفَقَ عَلَيْهِ ، أَنَّ ابْنَ الِابْنِ وَابْنَةَ الِابْنِ ، لَوْ لَمْ يَكُنْ غَيْرُهُمَا ، كَانَ الْمَالُ بَيْنَهُمَا ؛ لِلذَّكَرِ مِثْلُ حَظِّ الْأُنْثَيَيْنِ . فَإِذَا كَانَ مَعَهُمَا ابْنَةٌ ، كَانَ لَهَا النِّصْفُ ، وَكَانَ مَا بَقِيَ بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ النِّصْفِ بَيْنَ ابْنِ الِابْنِ ، وَابْنَةِ الِابْنِ ، عَلَى مِثْلِ مَا يَكُونُ لَهُمَا مِنْ جَمِيعِ الْمَالِ ، لَوْ لَمْ يَكُنْ مَعَهُمَا ابْنَةٌ . وَكَانَ الْعَمُّ وَالْعَمَّةُ ، لَوْ لَمْ يَكُنْ مَعَهُمَا ابْنَةٌ ، كَانَ الْمَالُ بِاتِّفَاقِهِمْ ، لِلْعَمِّ دُونَ الْعَمَّةِ . فَإِذَا كَانَتْ هُنَاكَ ابْنَةٌ كَانَ لَهَا النِّصْفُ ، وَمَا بَقِيَ بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ فَهُوَ لِلْعَمِّ دُونَ الْعَمَّةِ . فَكَانَ مَا بَقِيَ بَعْدَ نَصِيبِ الِابْنَةِ لِلَّذِي كَانَ يَكُونُ لَهُ جَمِيعُ الْمَالِ ، لَوْ لَمْ يَكُنِ ابْنَةٌ . [4/392] فَلَمَّا كَانَ ذَلِكَ كَذَلِكَ ، وَكَانَ الْأَخُ وَالْأُخْتُ لَوْ لَمْ يَكُنْ مَعَهُمَا ابْنَةٌ ، كَانَ الْمَالُ بَيْنَهُمَا ؛ لِلذَّكَرِ مِثْلُ حَظِّ الْأُنْثَيَيْنِ . فَالنَّظَرُ عَلَى ذَلِكَ أَنْ يَكُونَا كَذَلِكَ ، إِذَا كَانَتْ مَعَهُمَا ابْنَةٌ ، فَوَجَبَ لَهَا نِصْفُ الْمَالِ ؛ لِحَقِّ فَرْضِ اللهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ لَهَا ، وَأَنْ يَكُونَ مَا بَقِيَ بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ النِّصْفِ ، بَيْنَ الْأَخِ وَالْأُخْتِ ، كَمَا كَانَ يَكُونُ لَهُمَا جَمِيعُ الْمَالِ ، لَوْ لَمْ يَكُنِ ابْنَةٌ ، قِيَاسًا وَنَظَرًا ، عَلَى مَا ذَكَرْنَا مِنْ ذَلِكَ . وَقَدْ رُوِيَ عَنْ رَسُولِ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ مَا قَدْ دَلَّ عَلَى مَا ذَكَرْنَا .
EnglishUnverified translation
7407 - Ali ibn Zayd narrated to us, he said: Abdah ibn Sulayman narrated to us, he said: Ibn al-Mubarak informed me, from Mamar, from Ibn Tawus who said: My father informed me, from Ibn Abbas, that he said: Allah Almighty said: If a man perishes having no child and has a sister, she has half of what he leaves. Ibn Abbas said: So you say: She has half, even if he has a child. Others differed with them in that, and said: Rather the daughter has half, and the rest between brother and sister, for the male the like of two females' share. If there is with the daughter none but the sister, the daughter has half, and the sister what remains. Part of the argument for them in that was that the hadith of Ibn Abbas they mentioned, as we mentioned at the first of this chapter, its meaning - in our view - is not upon what they carried it upon. Rather its meaning, in our view - and Allah knows best - is what the obligations leave after the shares, for the nearest male man - like a paternal aunt and paternal uncle: the rest for the uncle, to the exclusion of the aunt, because they are in one degree, equal in lineage, and the uncle is preferred over the aunt therein by being male. This is the meaning of his saying: What the obligations leave, for the nearest male man - and sister with her brother are not included in that. The proof of what we mentioned, thereof, is that they agreed in a daughter, son's daughter and son's son: the daughter has half, and the rest between son's son and son's daughter, for the male the like of two females' share - and they did not make what remains after the daughter's share for the son's son specifically, to the exclusion of the son's daughter. The meaning of the Messenger of Allah's (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) saying: What the obligations leave, for the nearest male man, was not upon that; it is upon other than it. Since it is established that this is outside it by their agreement, and it is established that uncle and aunt are inside it by their agreement - since they made what remains after the daughter's share for the uncle to the exclusion of the aunt. Then they differed in sister with brother: a group said: They are like aunt with uncle; others said: They are like son's son and son's daughter. So we examined that, to attach what they differed in thereof to what they agreed upon. We saw the agreed basis: son's son and son's daughter, had there been none but them, wealth would be between them, for the male the like of two females' share. When there is with them a daughter, she has half, and what remains after that half is between son's son and son's daughter, upon the like of what would be for them of all wealth, had there been with them no daughter. And uncle and aunt, had there been with them no daughter, wealth would be, by their agreement, for the uncle to the exclusion of the aunt. When there is a daughter, she has half, and what remains after that is for the uncle to the exclusion of the aunt. So what remains after the daughter's share is for who would have all wealth, had there been no daughter. Since that was so, and brother and sister, had there been with them no daughter, wealth would be between them, for the male the like of two females' share - rational examination upon that is that they be likewise, when there is with them a daughter: she must have half the wealth, due to Allah Almighty's obligation for her, and what remains after that half be between brother and sister, as would be for them all wealth, had there been no daughter - by analogy and examination, upon what we mentioned thereof. And there has been narrated from the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) what indicated what we mentioned.