7391 - حَدَّثَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ حُمَيْدٍ ، قَالَ : ثَنَا سَعِيدُ بْنُ عِيسَى بْنِ تَلِيدٍ ، قَالَ : ثَنَا الْمُفَضَّلُ بْنُ فَضَالَةَ الْقِتْبَانِيُّ ، عَنْ أَبِي الطَّاهِرِ عَبْدِ الْمَلِكِ بْنِ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ أَبِي بَكْرِ بْنِ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عَمْرِو بْنِ حَزْمٍ ، عَنْ عَمِّهِ عَبْدِ اللهِ بْنِ أَبِي بَكْرِ بْنِ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عَمْرِو بْنِ حَزْمٍ قَالَ : حَدَّثَتْنِي خَالَتِي عَمْرَةُ بِنْتُ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ ، عَنْ عَائِشَةَ ، مِثْلَهُ . قَالُوا : فَهَذَا مَا يَنْبَغِي لِلنَّاسِ أَنْ يَفْعَلُوهُ إِلَى الْيَوْمِ ، وَلَيْسَ بِمَنْسُوخٍ ، فَمَا يُنْكِرُونَ أَنَّ الْقُرْعَةَ فِي الْعَتَاقِ فِي الْمَرَضِ كَذَلِكَ . قِيلَ لَهُمْ : قَدْ ذَكَرْنَا فِي ذَلِكَ فِي مَوْضِعِهِ مَا يُغْنِي ، وَلَكِنَّا نَذْكُرُ هَاهُنَا مَا فِيهِ أَيْضًا دَلِيلٌ أَنْ لَا حُجَّةَ لَكُمْ فِي هَذَا ، إِنْ شَاءَ اللهُ تَعَالَى . أَجْمَعَ الْمُسْلِمُونَ أَنَّ لِلرَّجُلِ أَنْ يُسَافِرَ إِلَى حَيْثُ أَحَبَّ ، وَإِنْ طَالَ سَفَرُهُ ذَلِكَ ، وَلَيْسَ مَعَهُ أَحَدٌ مِنْ نِسَائِهِ ، وَأَنَّ حُكْمَ الْقَسْمِ يَرْتَفِعُ عَنْهُ بِسَفَرِهِ . فَلَمَّا كَانَ ذَلِكَ كَذَلِكَ ، كَانَتْ قُرْعَةُ رَسُولِ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ بَيْنَ نِسَائِهِ ، فِي وَقْتِ احْتِيَاجِهِ إِلَى الْخُرُوجِ بِإِحْدَاهُنَّ ؛ لِتَطِيبَ نَفْسُ مَنْ لَا يَخْرُجُ بِهَا مِنْهُنَّ ، وَلِيُعْلَمَ أَنَّهُ لَمْ يُحَابِ الَّتِي خَرَجَ بِهَا عَلَيْهِنَّ ؛ لِأَنَّهُ لَمَّا كَانَ لَهُ أَنْ يَخْرُجَ وَيُخَلِّفَهُنَّ [4/384] جَمِيعًا ، كَانَ لَهُ أَنْ يَخْرُجَ وَيُخَلِّفَ مَنْ شَاءَ مِنْهُنَّ . فَثَبَتَ بِمَا ذَكَرْنَا أَنَّ الْقُرْعَةَ إِنَّمَا تُسْتَعْمَلُ فِيمَا يَسَعُ تَرْكُهَا ، وَفِيمَا لَهُ أَنْ يُمْضِيَهُ بِغَيْرِهَا . وَمِنْ ذَلِكَ الْخَصْمَانِ يَحْضُرَانِ عِنْدَ الْحَاكِمِ ، فَيَدَّعِي كُلُّ وَاحِدٍ مِنْهُمَا عَلَى صَاحِبِهِ دَعْوَى . فَيَنْبَغِي لِلْقَاضِي أَنْ يُقْرِعَ بَيْنَهُمَا ، فَأَيُّهُمَا قُرِعَ ، بَدَأَ بِالنَّظَرِ فِي أَمْرِهِ ، وَلَهُ أَنْ يَنْظُرَ فِي أَمْرِ مَنْ شَاءَ مِنْهُمَا بِغَيْرِ قُرْعَةٍ . فَكَانَ الْأَحْسَنُ بِهِ ؛ لِبُعْدِ الظَّنِّ بِهِ فِي هَذَا اسْتِعْمَالَ الْقُرْعَةِ ، كَمَا اسْتَعْمَلَهَا رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فِي أَمْرِ نِسَائِهِ . وَكَذَلِكَ عَمِلَ الْمُسْلِمُونَ فِي أَقْسَامِهِمْ بِالْقُرْعَةِ ، فِيمَا قَدْ عَدَلُوهُ بَيْنَ أَهْلِهِمْ ، بِمَا لَوْ أَمْضَوْهُ بَيْنَهُمْ ، لَا عَنْ قُرْعَةٍ ، كَانَ ذَلِكَ مُسْتَقِيمًا . فَأَقْرَعُوا بَيْنَهُمْ ؛ لِتَطْمَئِنَّ قُلُوبُهُمْ ، وَتَرْتَفِعَ الظِّنَّةُ ، عَمَّنْ تَوَلَّى لَهُمْ قِسْمَتَهُمْ . وَلَوْ أَقْرَعَ بَيْنَهُمْ عَلَى طَوَائِفَ مِنَ الْمَتَاعِ الَّذِي لَهُمْ ، قَبْلَ أَنْ يُعَدِّلَ وَيُسَوِّيَ قِيمَتَهُ عَلَى أَمْلَاكِهِمْ مِنْهُ ، كَانَ ذَلِكَ الْقَسْمُ بَاطِلًا . فَثَبَتَ بِذَلِكَ أَنَّ الْقُرْعَةَ إِنَّمَا فُعِلَتْ بَعْدَ أَنْ تَقَدَّمَهَا مَا يَجُوزُ الْقَسْمُ بِهِ ، وَأَنَّهَا إِنَّمَا أُرِيدَتْ لِانْتِفَاءِ الظَّنِّ ، لَا بِحُكْمٍ يَجِبُ بِهَا . فَكَذَلِكَ نَقُولُ : كُلُّ قُرْعَةٍ تَكُونُ مِثْلَ هَذَا ، فَهِيَ حَسَنَةٌ ، وَكُلُّ قُرْعَةٍ يُرَادُ بِهَا وُجُوبُ حُكْمٍ ، وَقَطْعُ حُقُوقٍ مُتَقَدِّمَةٍ ، فَهِيَ غَيْرُ مُسْتَعْمَلَةٍ . ثُمَّ رَجَعْنَا إِلَى الْقَوْلَيْنِ الْآخَرَيْنِ ، فَرَأَيْنَا رَسُولَ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ قَدْ حَكَمَ فِي الْعَبْدِ ، إِذَا كَانَ بَيْنَ اثْنَيْنِ ، فَأَعْتَقَهُ أَحَدُهُمَا ، فَإِنَّهُ حُرٌّ كُلُّهُ ، وَيَضْمَنُ إِنْ كَانَ مُوسِرًا ، أَوْ إِنْ كَانَ مُعْسِرًا . فَفِي ذَلِكَ مِنَ الِاخْتِلَافِ مَا ذَكَرْنَاهُ فِي كِتَابِ الْعَتَاقِ . ثُمَّ وَجَدْنَا فِي حَدِيثِ أَبِي الْمَلِيحِ الْهُذَلِيِّ ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ ، أَنَّ رَجُلًا أَعْتَقَ شِقْصًا لَهُ فِي مَمْلُوكٍ ، فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ : هُوَ حُرٌّ كُلُّهُ لَيْسَ لَهُ شَرِيكٌ . فَبَيَّنَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ الْعِلَّةَ الَّتِي لَهَا عَتَقَ نَصِيبُ صَاحِبِهِ . فَدَلَّ ذَلِكَ أَنَّ الْعَتَاقَ مَتَى وَقَعَ فِي بَعْضِ الْعَبْدِ انْتَشَرَ فِي كُلِّهِ . وَقَدْ رَأَيْنَا رَسُولَ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ حَكَمَ فِي الْعَبْدِ بَيْنَ اثْنَيْنِ ، إِذَا أَعْتَقَهُ أَحَدُهُمَا ، وَلَا مَالَ لَهُ ، يُحْكَمُ عَلَيْهِ فِيهِ بِالضَّمَانِ بِالسِّعَايَةِ عَلَى الْعَبْدِ ، فِي نَصِيبِ الَّذِي لَمْ يُعْتِقْ . فَثَبَتَ بِذَلِكَ أَنَّ حُكْمَ هَؤُلَاءِ الْعَبِيدِ فِي الْمَرَضِ كَذَلِكَ ، وَأَنَّهُ لَمَّا اسْتَحَالَ أَنْ يَجِبَ عَلَى غَيْرِهِمْ ضَمَانُ مَا جَاوَزَ الثُّلُثَ الَّذِي لِلْمَيِّتِ ، أَنْ يُوصِيَ بِهِ ، وَيُمَلِّكَهُ فِي مَرَضِهِ مَنْ حَبَّ مِنْ قِيمَتِهِمْ ، وَجَبَ عَلَيْهِمُ السِّعَايَةُ فِي ذَلِكَ لِلْوَرَثَةِ . وَهَذَا قَوْلُ أَبِي حَنِيفَةَ ، وَأَبِي يُوسُفَ ، وَمُحَمَّدٍ ، رَحِمَهُمُ اللهُ تَعَالَى .
EnglishUnverified translation
7391 - Muhammad ibn Humayd narrated to us, he said: Said ibn Isa ibn Talid narrated to us, he said: al-Mufaddal ibn Fadalah al-Qitbani narrated to us, from Abu al-Tahir Abd al-Malik ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr ibn Muhammad ibn Amr ibn Hazm, from his uncle Abdillah ibn Abi Bakr ibn Muhammad ibn Amr ibn Hazm who said: My maternal aunt Amrah bint Abd al-Rahman narrated to me, from Aishah, the like of it. They said: This is what people should do to today, and it is not abrogated - so why do they deny that lots in manumission in illness is likewise. It was said to them: We mentioned therein in its place what suffices; but we mention here also what therein is proof that you have no argument in this, Allah willing. Muslims agreed that a man may travel whither he loves, though that travel be long, with none of his wives with him, and the ruling of division is lifted from him by his travel. Since that was so, the lots of the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) among his wives was at the time of his need to go out with one of them, to please her of them with whom he does not go out, and to be known that he did not favor her with whom he went out over them; since he might go out leaving them all, he might go out leaving whom he wills of them. So there is established, by what we mentioned, that lots are only used in what may be left, and in what he may execute without them. Of that: two litigants present before the judge, each claiming against his companion a claim. The judge should cast lots between them; whichever is drawn, he begins examining his affair - and he may examine the affair of whom he wills of them without lots. The better for him, to distance suspicion in this, is using lots, as the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) used them in the affair of his wives. Likewise Muslims acted in their divisions with lots, in what they equalized among its people - with what, had they executed it among them, not by lots, would have been straight. So they cast lots among them, to settle their hearts, and lift suspicion from who undertook their division. Had he cast lots among them upon portions of goods belonging to them, before equalizing and equating its value upon their shares thereof, that division would be void. So there is established thereby that lots were only done after what permits division thereby preceded, and they were only intended to remove suspicion, not by an obligatory ruling. Likewise we say: every lot like this is good, and every lot intended to necessitate a ruling, and cut prior rights, is unused. Then we returned to the other two sayings, and saw the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) judged in the slave between two, when one of them frees him: he is all free, and he guarantees if solvent, or if insolvent. Therein of disagreement is what we mentioned in the Book of Manumission. Then we found in the hadith of Abu al-Malih al-Hudhali, from his father, that a man freed a share of his in a slave, and the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said: He is all free, he has no partner. So the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) clarified the cause for which his partner's share was freed. So that indicated that manumission, whenever it falls in part of the slave, spreads in all of him. We saw the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) judged in the slave between two, when one of them frees him, with no wealth, judged upon him therein with guarantee by working upon the slave, in the share of who did not free. So there is established thereby that the ruling of these slaves in illness is likewise: since it became impossible for others to guarantee what exceeds the third of the dead, to bequeath it, and own it in his illness to whom he loves of their value, working upon them became due for the heirs. And this is the saying of Abu Hanifah, Abu Yusuf and Muhammad, may Allah Almighty have mercy upon them.